Guidelines for citation

References

At the end of the text, the author must provide a bibliography in alphabetical order, listing all publications cited in the text. The full-page range of each cited source must be included. Publications in the reference list are arranged by the surnames of the authors, organizations/institutions or titles. If there are identical names (individual or corporate), the titles of the documents are arranged alphabetically.

There must be two versions of the bibliography: the first contains all the cited sources in their original language and the second contains all cited sources in Latin script, with data in Cyrillic or Greek transliterated. Transliteration from Bulgarian and Russian can be found at: http://2cyr.com/?7, and transliteration from Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic at: http://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/serbian_conversion.htm. For transliteration from Greek, see http://gr.translit.cc/.

When citing Greek epigraphic and/or paleographic materials, use the Palatino Linotype font or another Unicode font containing the necessary characters. When citing Cyrillic epigraphic and/or paleographic materials, use BukyVede https://bg.fontsisland.com/font/bukyvede or CyrillicaOchrid10U https://www.starobulglit.eu/OC10U.ttf.

In text citations

• The year of creation, distribution, publication, etc. is placed after the authors’ names.

• The author’s name and the year of publication of the cited information resource mentioned in the text using the name-and-year system.

• When the author’s name is mentioned in the text, the year is placed after it in parentheses. However, when it is not mentioned, both the name and the year are placed in parentheses.

• When citing a part of a resource, the location of that part (e.g., part number, chapter, or paragraph) may be indicated in parentheses after the year.

• When two or more information resources have the same author and year, they are distinguished by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year in parentheses.

• References to the information resources cited in the text are listed in alphabetical order by the authors’ surnames, followed by the year of publication and, if applicable, a lowercase letter.

• When citing two works by different authors, these are separated by a semicolon (;).

 

In-text citation format:

(author’s surname or title of the first publication, initials (when needed to distinguish authors with the same surname), year of publication, page numbers; author’s surname or title of the second publication, year of publication, page numbers)

Examples: (Zlatarov, 1932, p. 15) ; (Jung, 1979, с. 158; Smith, 1980, p. 45)

When citing more than one work by the same author published in the same year, each work is distinguished from the others by a letter of the alphabet, starting with a, b, c, and so on.

Examples: (Ivanov, 2020a) ; (Ivanov, 2020b)

When citing authors with the same surname, include the initial of their first name after their surname.

Examples: (Zlatarov, A., 1967) ; (Zlatarov, I., 1929)

When citing works with up to five authors, all the authors’ names are listed in the text, separated by commas.

Examples: (Tasaklaki, M., Arrington, N., 2024) ; (Tsiafaki, D., Mourthos, I., Karta, M., Michailidou, N., 2024)

When citing a work with more than five authors, add “et al.” after the first author’s name in the text.

Examples: (Ivanov et al., 2021) ; (Smith et al., 2022)

When citing works without an author, the title of the work should be used in the text.

Examples: (Encyclopedia of thoughts, aphorisms, couplets, and epigrams, 1975) ; (Encyclopedia Britannica World Atlas, 1964)

Examples in context:

Cultural tourism accounts for a growth in recent decades, which favours the economic development of the respective destinations (Ritchie, 2009 ; Smith, 2012). Data before the Covid-19 pandemic shows that around 40% of all international tourism trips are culturally motivated (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2018). These trips form a special subsector of tourism called urban heritage tourism (Ashworth, 2008, p. 54). The impressions that tourists would share with a friend who has not been with them are different for different sites (Remoaldo et al., 2014a).^[1]

Format for citing an information resource:

Surname, first name Initial(s), Surname, first name Initial(s), (contributor’s role) (publication date) Title of the information resource. Initial(s) of first name, Surname of contributor. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. (Series title). Available from: URL (accessed:).

Format for citing a article/chapter of information resource:

Surname, Initial(s), Surname, Initial(s), (contributor’s role) (publication date – year, month, date) “Chapter/Article title”, Title, volume (issue number), Place of publication: Publisher, pages. DOI: or Available from: URL (accessed:).

 

EXAMPLES FOR FULL REFERENCES:

Book with one author

Panzera, E. (2022) Cultural heritage and territorial identity. Cham: Springer.

Bruce, S. (2018) Sociology: a very short introduction. 2. ed. Available from: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sociology-Very-Short-Introduction-Introductions-ebook/dp/B07DP6M3XM/ref=sr_1_1 (accessed: 30.04.2021).

Book with two to five authors

Otova, I. And Staykova, E. (2022) Migration and populism in Bulgaria. New York: Routledge.

Greig, A., Taylor, J. and MacKay, T. (2013) Doing research with children: a practical guide. 3. ed. London: Sage.

Book with six or more authors

Zan Luca et al. (2021) Managing cultural heritage: an international research perspective. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press. Available from: https://www.routledge.com/Managing-Cultural-Heritage-An-International-Research-Perspective/Zan-Baraldi-Lusiani-Shoup-Ferri-Onofri/p/book/9780815399865 (accessed: 17.08.2024).

Book with editors, without author

Campelo, A., Reynolds, L., Lindgreen, M., Bveverland, M. (eds.) Cultural heritage. New York: Routledge.

Book without author

Oxford English Dictionary (2021) 2. rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

OED online (2021) Available from: http://www.oed.com (accessed: 28.06.2021).

Book – translated

Homer (1997) The Odyssey. Translated by R. Fagles. Introduction and notes by B. Knox. New York: Penguin.

Tacitus (1931) Histories: books 4-5. 2. ed. Translated by Clifford H. Moore, John Jackson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Loeb Classical Library).

Vazov, I. (1912) Under the yoke. Translated by Edmund Gosse. Available from: https://archive.org/details/underyokeromance00vazorich/page/n327/mode/2up (accessed: 11.03.2025).

Chapter/part of book

Boteva, D. (2022) “Thracia huc usque egnata in prouinciam redigitur”, in Ancient Thrace: myth and reality: volume 2. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, pp. 41-48.

Zheng, X. (1997) “Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s”, in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 35–54.

“Research” (2009) in Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 11th rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1222.

Journal or newspaper articles

Yildirim, M. (2012) “Assessment of the decision-making process for re-use of a historical asset: the example of Diyarbakir Hasan Pasha Khan, Turkey”, Journal of cultural heritage, 13(4), pp. 379-388.

Meehan, Nicole (2026) “Digital museum objects and digital ecologies”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 32(3), pp. 356-372. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2026.2619181 (accessed: 16.03.2026)

Ashby, A. (1999) “Frank Zappa and the anti–fetishist orchestra”, The Musical Quarterly, 83(4), pp. 557–606. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/742617 (accessed: 8 April 2021).

Zhu, Yujie. (2026) “Beyond classification: rethinking heritage through dialogical reproduction”. Will be published in: International journal of heritage studies, [Preprint]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2026.2619181 (accessed:16.03.2026).

Chen, D. et al. (2016) “Loving culture, living peace: the link between cultural heritage engagement and peace values in Cambodia”, International journal of heritage studies, 2642609.

Nankov, N. (2024) “Of the dystopian-utopian and the genre of dystopia-utopia”, Colloquia Comparativa Litterarum, 10(1), pp. 22-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.60056/CCL.2024.10.22-44

Sample, I. (2014) “Why an octopus never gets itself tied in knots”, The Guardian, 16 May, p. 17.

Del Rio, Maria Luisa. (2025) “A newly discovered geoglyph in the Nazca Desert”, The art newspaper, 14 August, p. 5.

Conference papers and posters

Noback, A. et al. (2025) “Photogrammetric 3D digitization of models from an architectural collection”, Proceeding of the 26^th International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies. Vienna: Propylaeu, pp. 103-113.

Minkov, S. and Yordanova, M. (ed.) (2022) Balgarskite zemi i Balgariya: kulturen i istoricheski krastopat : materiali ot Sedmata natsionalna konferentsiya po istoriya, arheologiya i kulturen turizam Patuvane kam Balgariya. Shumen, Bulgaria, 20.10.2020. Shumen: Univ. izd. “Episkop Konstantin Preslavski”.

Valeine, D., Mikuda, G. (2025) “Highlighting local heritage: digital collections and virtual exhibitions in Latvian Public Libraries” [Poster], Digital preservation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage. doi: https://doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2025.15.8

 

Other types of resources

Video

Divo safari (2009) Screenwriter and director L. Singar [DVD]. Sofia: Reader’s Digest.

Na vseki kilometar (1969). Available from: YouTube (accessed: 17.08.2024).

Universitetat (2024) Alma Mater TV. 06.06. Available from: https://youtu.be/f8g0fMgd2-Y (accessed: 27.05.2021).

A simple guide to chaos theory (2026) BBC World Service, 15 June, 19:00. Available from: YouTube (accessed: 17.03.2026).

Spider-Man (2002) Directed by S. Raimi [Филм]. New York: Marvel Entertainment.

Cinelibri (2005) Waiting for Dalli [DVD]. New York: HBO.

Dissertation

Petrova-Lyubenova, V. K. (2023) Poluavtomatichno razrabotvane na mnogoezikovi terminologichni resursi. PhD Dissertation. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Bulgarian Language „Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin“. Available from: https://ras.nacid.bg (accessed: 17.03.2026).

Exhibition

The magical history tour [Exhibition]. EDG, Saint Paul. 19 October 2015–24 March 2016.

Stories of art 1600-1700 [Exhibition]. The National Gallery, London. 27 February 2026–1 April 2026.

Cartier-Bresson, H. (1930) “Man jumping the puddle” [Photo] in The decisive moment [Exhibition]. National Gallery, London. 15 October 2025–15 January 2026.

Cassatt, M. (1886) “Girl arranging her hair” [Oil painting] in Mary Cassat: an American in Paris [Exhibition]. National Gallery of Art, Landover. 14 February 2026–30 August 2026.

Images and figures

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1958) Buzz Aldrin posed with flag [Photo]. National Gallery of Art, Landover. Available from: https://www.nga.gov/artworks/213603-buzz-aldrin-poses-flag (Accessed: 18.03.2026).

Spponer, M. (1964) “Demolition derby’’ [Photo], in Hadler, M. Destruction rites: ephemerality visual culture (2017). New York: I.B.Tauris, p. 25.

Map

Ordnance Survey (2019) Ireland South, Sheet, 1:250 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. (Holiday maps).

Google Maps (2021) Information Commons, Sheffield. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/ (accessed: 08.04.2021).

Ordnance Survey (2025) London, 1:15000. Available from: https://ukmapcentre.com/location-plans (accessed: 18.03.2026).

Lectures stored in a library, archive, etc.

Argirov, S. (no date) Uchenie za bibliotekata. Archive of Stoyan Argirov, MS 24 (42). Sofia University Library “St. Kliment Ohridski”.

Private correspondence

Smith, S. (2019) Email to Ruth Devis, 11 February.

Smith, S. (2020) Text message to Peter Sanders, 28 June.

Smith, S. (2021) Skype conversation with Will Maxell, 16 March.

Datasets

NHS Digital (2025) Statistics on public health. Available from: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet (accessed: 18.03.2026).

National Statistical Institute (2024) Household budgets in the Republic of Bulgaria. Available from: https://nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/Btdom2023.pdf (accessed: 17.03.2026)

Patent

Dimov, K. and Georgieva, A. (1976). Metod za poluchavane na biologicheski aktivni vlakna. Patent Office of Republic of Bulgaria, registration number 24007. Available from: https://portal.bpo.bg/bpo_online/-/bpo/patent-detail (accessed: 17.03.2026).

Dong, Y. and Wenxu, Z. (2025). Distribution box for library. European Patent Office Patent no. CN223540073U. Available from: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/097580377/publication/CN223540073U?q=pn%3DCN223540073U (accessed: 18.03.2026).

Podcasts

Bulgarian history (no date) Bulgarian constitutions [Podcats]. Available from: https://bulgarianhistory.org/podcast-deset/ (accessed: 17.03.2026).

Neumann, V. (2024) UNESCO cultural heritage music [Podcast]. Available from: https://soundcloud.com/vincent-neumann/another-episode-of-unesco-cultural-heritage-muzik (accessed: 18.03.2026).

Mavrodieva, I. (2023) Poetite se razhdat, oratorite se sazdavat [Podcast]. Available from: https://bnr.bg/post/101799374 (accessed: 17.03.2026).

Government publication

Zakon za razvitie na akademichnia sastav 2012. Available from: https://lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135680028 (accessed: 17.03.2026).

Ministerstvo na obrazovanieto i naukata (2021) Natsionalna programa “Digitalna kvalifikatsiya”, prieta s Reshenie na Ministerski savet N 184 ot 5 mart 2021 g. Sofia: MON. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/nfs/2021/03/rms184_npr-dkvalifikacia-250321.pdf (accessed: 17.03.2026)

Social media

Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” (2024) V perioda 5-11 avgust 2024 g. v Blagoevgrad se provede 31-to izdanie na Mezhdunarodnoto matematichesko sastezanie … [Facebook] 14.08. Available from: https://twitter.com/UniSheffieldLib/status/862945694457274368 (accessed: 17.08.2024).

Sofia University Library (2024) Na dneshniya den predi 165 godini e roden Stefan Georgiev – parviyat profesor po botanika [Instagram] 01.08. Available from: https://www.instagram.com/p/C-IOfYFMoxk/ (accessed: 17.08.2024).

Manuscript

Drezova, M. (1941) Etnografsko izsledvane na selo Bosilkovo, Karnobatsko. A collection of handwritten thesis, RKS 152. Sofia University Library “St. Kliment Ohridski”.

Apokrifen sbornik parvata polovina na XVIII v. (no data). Cod. D. Slavo 47. Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies “Prof. Ivan Dujcev”, Sofia University Library “St. Kliment Ohridski”.

Standard

ISO (2020) ISO 3166-1: Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions: Part 1 Country code. Geneve: International Organization for Standardization.

British Standards Institution (2017) BS 4971:2017: Conservation and care of archive and library collections. London: British Standards Publications.

Web page

Kleon, A. (2026) Books. Available from: https://austinkleon.com/books/ (accessed: 18.03.2026).

Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” (2024) Faculty of Slavic Studies. Available from: https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/bul/universitet_t/fakulteti/fakultet_po_slavyanski_filologii (accessed: 17.08.2024).

Creation and development of “Heritage BG” (2026). Available from: https://www.nasledstvo.bg/en/research-announcements/about-periodical/  (accessed: 18.03.2026).

Unpublished resource

Lebrington, D. (2011) Cultural heritage in the digital era. Oxford. Unpublished.