Reference and Citation Guide
Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources in Sofia - Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (Sofia-SSHjournal)
(https://periodicals.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/Sofia-SSHjournal/index)
The citation style recommended by Sofia-SSHjournal uses the author-date citation system (Harvard system) and is based on „ISO 690:2021 Information and documentation - Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources “.
IN TEXT CITATION
The Harvard system requires in-text citations to be indicated by the last name of the quoted author, followed by the year of publication, and enclosed in parentheses.
Examples:
… (Smith, 2020) …
… (Kant, 1992; Smith, 2020) …
If necessary, the page(s) on which the quote is located in the source can also be indicated.
Example:
… (Johnson & Lee, 2019, р. 237) …
When the name of the author of the cited publication is mentioned in the text, only the year is given in parentheses
Example:
In text citation
… according to Smith (2020)…
Language of citation
In publications in Bulgarian, translated names are given in their original form.
Example:
… (Kant, 1992) …
Citations of sources written in alphabets other than the Latin script are presented in the text in their transliterated form.
Example:
… (Ivanova, 2025) …
If the text of the publication is in Bulgarian, the names of the cited authors must be given in Latin script (original or translitareted).
Example:
In text citation
… твърди Костов (Kostov, 2025), но по данни на Смит (Smith, 2020) …
Reference (quote-reference linkage)
The link (reference) between a citation in the text and the corresponding entry in the list of the publication (references) is established through the author-date system. Each reference must be cited in the text of the publication. The first element of every reference connects the source to the citations in the text.
Example:
In text citation
… „identify two components only - cognitive and affective” (Cvijic & Guzijan, 2013) ...
References
Cvijic, S. & Guzijan, J. (2013). Cultural and historical heritage: An asset for city branding. Spatium, 30, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1330023C
Citing an author with more than one of his works in the same year
When citing an author with more than one of his works in the same year, a lowercase letter is added after the year in alphabetical order.
Example:
In text citation
… according Iordanova and Stylidis (2020a, p. 844; 2020b, p. 995) …
References
Cvijic, S. & Guzijan, J. (2013). Cultural and historical heritage: An asset for city branding. Spatium, 30, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1330023C
Iordanova, E. & Stylidis, D. (2020a). The impact of visitors’ experience intensity on in-situ destination image formation. Tourism Review, 74 (4), 841-860. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-12-2018-0178
Iordanova, E. & Stylidis, D. (2020b). International and domestic tourists’“a priori” and “in situ” image differences and the impact of direct destination experience on destination image: the case of Linz, Austria. Current Issues in Tourism, 22 (8), 982-1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1346588
Secondary source
When citing a secondary source, this must be clearly indicated in the text.
Example:
In text citation
… Seeberg (2013, p. 160) cites Waltham's work on migration (2010) ...
or
… (Waltham, 2010, cited in Seeberg, 2013, p. 10) ...
References
Seeberg, P. (2013). The Arab Uprisings and the EU's migration policies - the cases of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Democracy and Security, 9 (1-2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2013.747909
A consistent style, format, and punctuation scheme must be applied to all references.
REFERENCES
References to sources cited in the text are listed in alphabetical order by the authors' last names, with the year of publication placed immediately after the author's name. Sources without an author (anonymous), or those whose author is an organization, are ordered alphabetically according to the first element of the reference.
Example:
References
Ali, R. (2018). Does hallucinating involve perceiving? Philosophical Studies, 175 (3), 601-627.
Beck, O. (2019). Rethinking naive realism. Philosophical Studies, 176 (3), 607-633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-018-1030-x
Burge, T. (2010). Origins of Objectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Byrne, A. & Logue, H. (2008). Either/or. In: Haddock, A. & Macpherson, F. Disjunctivism:Perception, Action, Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, J. (1993). A simple view of colour. In: Haldane, J. & Wright, C. (eds.). Reality, Representation, and Projection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
International Organization for Standardization (2017). ISO 44001:2017 Collaborative business relationship management systems — Requirements and framework. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
Logue, H. (2012a). What should the naïve realist say about total hallucinations? Philosophical Perspectives, 26 (1), 173-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12012
Logue, H. (2012b). Why naive realism? Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 112, 211-237.
Raleigh, T. (2013). Phenomenology without representation. European Journal of Philosophy, 23 (4), 1209-1237. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12047
Travis, C. (2007). Reason’s reach. European Journal of Philosophy, 15 (2), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0378.2007.00257.x
Tye, M. (2000). Consciousness, Color, and Content. Cambridge: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2110.001.0001
The list of references includes the full bibliographic information for the sources cited in the text and must clearly and unambiguously indicate the source of the citation.
A reference list entry mainly consists of four elements:
Author element
The Author element refers to the creator(s) of the publication.
When the author is a person, his or her name is presented in inverted form and initial/s of the name(s):
Surname, N.(ame)
Example:
Smith, J. A.
When the author is a corporate body (an organization), it is introduced by its name.
Example:
National Institute of Mental Health
Date element
The Date element refers to the publication date and is passed as it is presented in the source.
Example:
References
Smith, J. A. (2020, August 26). Interdisciplinary Research in the Humanities. Cambridge, M: Academic Press.
Title element
The Title element refers to the title of the cited publication and is transmitted as it appears in the source. References to sources in non-Latin scripts are transliterated and arranged in the general alphabetical order, followed by a note about the language of the source enclosed in square brackets (e.g. [in Bulgarian]).
Example:
References
Kant, I. (1992). Kritika na chistia razum. Sofia: BAN. [in Bulgarian]
Transliteration of Bulgarian sources is carried out according to the Bulgarian Transliteration Act (2009). It is recommended to use: https://slovored.com/transliteration/
Example:
References
Ivanova, G. (2025). K. G. Yung i dalbinite na dushata. Sofia: Millenium. [in Bulgarian]
Source element
The Source element refers to the location and method of accessing the cited publication, (indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work). The details depend on the type of source cited. The information in the source element is usually very diverse.
Example:
References
Johnson, L. & Lee, M. (2019). Social justice and policy analysis. Journal of Modern Social Studies, 45 (3), 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1234/jmss.2019.456
REFERENCE EXAMPLES
Books
|
Books |
In text citation |
References |
|
One author |
(Burge, 2010) |
Burge, T. (2010). Origins of Objectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
|
Two authors |
(Heywood & McLean, 2017) |
Heywood, A. & McLean, I. (2014). State, nation and government. London: Palgrave Macmillan. |
|
Three of more authors |
(Gyimothy et al., 2015) |
Gyimóthy, S., Lundberg, C., Lindström, K. N., Lexhagen, M. & Larson, M. (2015). Tourism, place and digital practices: Social and cultural perspectives. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-12345-6. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/tourism-place-digital-practices |
|
Corporate author |
(World Health Organization, 2021) |
World Health Organization (2021). Global report on social determinants of health. Geneva: WHO. https://doi.org/10.4060/9789240038388 |
|
No author |
(Guidelines for ethical research in the humanities, 2019) |
Guidelines for ethical research in the humanities (2019). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/67890 |
|
Editor |
(Hall & du Gay, 1996) |
Hall, S. & du Gay, P. (eds.) (1996). Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage. |
|
No publication year |
(Cvijic & Guzijan, n.d.) |
Cvijic, S. & Guzijan, J. (n.d.). Digital transformations in tourism and local culture. London: Routledge. |
|
e-Book |
(Giddens & Sutton, 2017) |
Giddens, A. & Sutton, P. (2017). Sociology. 8th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1-5095-2396-8. Available at: https://www.politybooks.com/sociology-online |
|
e-Book, edited |
(Hall & du Gay, 1996) |
Hall, S. & du Gay, P. (eds.) (1996). Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage. Available at: https://methods.sagepub.com/book/questions-of-cultural-identity. Accessed 15 January 2026. |
|
Translated book |
(Benjamin, 2008) |
Benjamin, W. (2008) The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. Translated by E. Jephcott (trans.). London: Penguin. |
|
Chapter in a book |
In text citation |
References |
|
Printed book |
(Byrne & Logue, 2008) |
Byrne, A. & Logue, H. (2008). Either/or. In: Haddock, A. & Macpherson, F. Disjunctivism:Perception, Action, Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 56-114. |
|
Chapter in an edited book |
(Campbell, 1993) |
Campbell, J. (1993). A simple view of color. In: Haldane, J. & Wright, C. (eds.). Reality, Representation, and Projection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, рр. 22-54. |
|
Chapter in an e-Book |
(Smith, 2021) |
Smith, J. (2021). Cognitive development and digital learning. In: Brown, L. & Taylor, K. (eds.) Advances in Educational Psychology. London: Routledge, pp. 45–68. ISBN 978-1-138-56789-0. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/advances-educational-psychology. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
Periodicals
|
Journal articles |
In text citation |
References |
|
One author |
(Seeberg, 2013) |
Seeberg, P. (2013). The Arab Uprisings and the EU's migration policies - the cases of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Democracy and Security, 9 (1-2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2013.747909 |
|
Two authors |
(Johnson & Lee, 2019) |
Johnson, L. & Lee, M. (2019). Social justice and policy analysis. Journal of Modern Social Studies, 45 (3), 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1234/jmss.2019.456 |
|
Three of more authors |
(Smith et al., 2021) |
Smith, J., Brown, L. & Lee, S. (2021). Digital media and political engagement in young adults. Journal of Social Media Studies, 12 (3), pp. 45–67. |
|
e-Journal article |
(Ivanov et al., 2022) |
Ivanov, P., Petrova, M., Dimitrov, L. & Georgiev, T. (2022). Vliyanie na socialnite mrezhi varhu obrazovatelnite praktiki v universitetite. Zhurnal za izsledvaniya v obrazovanieto, 15 (2), pp. 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1234/jbes.2022.0152. [in Bulgarian]. |
|
Newspaper article |
(Petrov et al. 2024). |
Petrov, I., Dimitrov, L. & Georgieva, M. (2024, February 10). Youth participation in local politics. Sofia Daily, pp. 3–4. |
|
е-Newspaper article |
(Climate change and urban planning, 2023) |
Climate change and urban planning (2023, March 5). Sofia Daily. Available at: https://www.sofiadaily.bg/articles/climate-change-urban. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
Other textual works
|
|
In text citation |
References |
|
Theses |
(Johnson, 2019) |
Johnson, L. M. (2019). The role of social media in political engagement among young adults. PhD thesis. New York: New York University. Available at: https://www.nyu.edu/dissertations/johnson2019. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Conferences |
(Johnson, 2023) |
Johnson, A. (2023). Social media influence on adolescent learning. In: Brown, L. & Taylor, K. (eds.) Digital Innovations in Education: Selected Papers from the 2023 International Conference on Educational Technology. London: Routledge, pp. 112–129. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/digital-innovations-education-2023. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Official publications |
(Regulation (EU) 2016/679, 2016) |
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data, and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) (2016, 4 May). Official Journal of the European Union, L 119. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Law |
(Bulgaria, 2000) |
Bulgaria (2000). Access to Public Information Act. State Gazette, (55), 7 July. |
|
Archive materials |
(Hicks, 1963) |
Hicks, H. D. (1963). Correspondence with Henry Davies Hicks regarding his appointment as President of the Canadian National Committee for UNESCO. In: Henry Davies Hicks fonds. File MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 16. At: Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax [CA-NS]. |
|
Archive materials |
(Rakovski, n.d. [1857]) or (Rakovski, n.d. [1857], NBKM–BIA, I B 117/52) |
Rakovski, G. S. (n.d. [1857]). Pismo–chernova do Krastyo i Nenka Velichkovich Tarpanovi (Kotel). Novi Sad. Manuscript letter. In: National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” – Bulgarian Historical Archive (NBKM–BIA), Collection: Korespondentsiya, signature I B 117/52. Private correspondence. Language: Bulgarian. Available at: https://digilib.nationallibrary.bg/nb/public/image |
Online media
|
Websites, blogs and social media |
In text citation |
References |
|
Website |
(Artificial intelligence & Emerging Technologies, n.d.) |
Artificial Intelligence & Emerging Technologies (n.d.). Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence?hub=32618. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Page of website |
(Ethics of artificial intelligence, 2022) |
Ethics of artificial intelligence (2022). UNESCO. Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/ethics. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Blogs |
(Brown, 2023) |
Brown, L. (2023) Why digital well-being matters. Psychology Today Blog. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/digital-well-being. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Social media |
(National Geographic, 2024) |
National Geographic [@natgeo]. (2024, 15 January). The melting of Arctic ice is not just a climate issue but a cultural one for indigenous communities [Photograph]. Instagram. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/abcd123. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
YouTube |
(Brown, 2022) |
Brown, B. (2022, 5 May). The power of vulnerability [Video]. TED. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCvmsMzlF7o. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
|
Audiovisual media |
In text citation |
References |
|
Film or TV |
(Nolan, 2023) |
Nolan, C. (dir.) (2023). Oppenheimer [film]. Universal Pictures. |
|
Podcasts |
(The Artificial Human, n.d.) |
The Artificial Human (n.d.). Podcast. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001wjf8. Accessed 4 February 2026. |
Communications
|
Emails, interviews and other personal communications |
In text citation |
References |
|
|
(Anderson, 2023) |
Anderson, P. (2023). Data sources for the misinformation project. Email to L. Martinez, 12 April 2023. |
|
Personal communications |
(Bennett, 2022) |
Bennett, T. (2022). Personal communication with K. Larson via email, 21 June 2022. |
|
Interview – TV |
(Alvarez, 2022) |
Alvarez, M. (2022). Disinformation and democratic processes. Interview by J. Reynolds. Global News Tonight. BBC News, 18 September. |
|
Interview - newspapers |
(Thompson, 2021) |
Thompson, R. (2021). The challenge of misinformation in modern media. Interview by L. Carter. The Times, 12 May, p. 14. |
|
Interview – personal, video |
(Carter, 2023) |
Carter, S. (2023). Media literacy in the age of disinformation [Video]. Interview by D. Wilson. YouTube, 22 June. Available at: https://www.youtube.com. Accessed 5 July 2024. |
|
Interview – personal, website |
(Chen, 2020) |
Chen, L. (2020). How fake news spreads on social media. Interview by P. Novak. Digital Media Review. Available at: https://www.digitalmediareview.org/interviews. Accessed 10 March 2024. |
