Бирата
силна напитка... и много вкусна за научилия се да я пие (Xen. An. 4.5.27)
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.58894/AR-HBg.2025.8.36-45Ключови думи :
траки, бира, пивоварство, брютон, сламки, напитки, симпозиумАбстракт
Бирата е сред най-древните напитки в човешката история. Нейното производство и консумация обичайно се свързват с регионите, които не позволяват отглеждането на лозя. Изследванията от последните години обаче показват, че подобна обусловеност е рядкост и дори изключение. Така например траките, известни като любители на висококачествените вина, също пият бира. Макар че писмените сведения ни запознават с някои особености на нейната консумация, повече информация както за пиенето, така и за спецификите на пивоварството, може да бъде потърсена с помощта на археоботаниката и археологията и евентуалното свързване на определени керамични форми с приготвянето и приема на напитката.
Литература (библиография)
Sources
Athenaeus, The Deipnosophist. In: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0405%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1
Xenophon, Anabasis. In: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0201
Literaturе
Detschew, Dimiter. Harakteristika na trakiyskiya ezik (1952). Sofiya.
Filov, Bogdan. Nadgrobnite mogili pri Duvanlii v Plovdivsko (1934). Sofiya.
Georgiev, Vladimir. Trakiyskiyat ezik (1957). Sofiya.
Georgieva, Rumyana. Hrana i hranene (kraya na II–I hil.pr.n.e) (1999). In: Etnologiya na trakite (eds. Rumyana Georgieva, Tosho Spiridonov, Mariya Reho). Sofiya, 71-111.
Kancheva-Ruseva, Tatyana, Ignatov, Veselin. Spasitelni razkopki v rayona na Nova Zagora (1998). – Izvestiya na muzeite ot Yugoiztochna Balgariya, No. 19, 21-35.
Katsarov, Gavril. Bitat na starite traki spored klasicheskite pisateli (1913). Sofiya.
Mihailov, Georgi. Trakite (1972). Sofiya.
Popov, Hristo. Tsedki (2002). In: Koprivlen. Tom 1: Spasitelni arheologicheski prouchvaniya po patya Gotse Delchev Drama 1998–1999 (eds. Peter Delev, Anelia Bozkova). Sofia, 169-173.
Stoyanov, Totko. Mogilen nekropol ot rannozhelyaznata epoha. Sboryanovo I (1997). Sofiya.
Venedikov, Ivan. Zemedelieto pri trakite (1981). In: Razvitie na zemedeleieto po balgarskite zemi (ed. Ivan Venedikov). Sofiya, 31-117.
Alworth, Jeff. The Beer Bible (2015). New York.
Amyx, Darrell, Pritchett, William. The Attic Stelai: Part III. Vases and Other Containers (1958). – Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, No. 27/4, 255-310.
Andonova-Katsarski, Mila, Varbanov, Varbin, Kazakov, Stefan, Dedov, Ivailo, Vladova, Diana. Plant Remains and What Else? Environmental Archaeology of the Late Hellenistic Pit Fills of Sexaginta Prista, Northern Bulgaria (2024). – Environmental Archaeology, 1-13.
Damerow, Peter. Sumerian Beer: The Origins of Brewing Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia (2012). – Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, No. 2, https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2012-2.
Detschew, Dimiter. Die thrakischen Sprachreste (1957). Wien.
Evans, Sir Arthur. The Palace of Minos (1921). Volume I The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages. London.
Koörte, Gustav, Koörte, Alfred, Kobert, Rudolf. Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900 (1904). Berlin.
McGovern, Patrick. Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture (2003). Princeton University Press.
Mellink, Machteld. A Four-Spouted Krater from Karataş (1969). – Anadolu, No. 13, 69-76.
Nelson, Max. Beer in Greco-Roman Antiquity (2001). PhD Dissertation, The University of British Columbia. Vancouver.
Nelson, Max. The Barbarian’s Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe (2005). Routledge.
Özdoрan, Mehmet. Taşlicabair. A Late Bronze Age burial mound in Eastern Thrace (1987). – Anatolica, No. 14, 5-39.
Özdoрan, Mehmet. Eastern Thrace the Contact Zone between Anatolia and the Balkans (2011). In: The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (eds. Sharon Steadman, Gregory McMahon). Oxford, 657-682.
Peck, Harry Thurston. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898). New York.
Petre, Gheorghe, Vulpe, Alexandru. Der hallstattzeitliche Depotfund von Bistrita, Jud. Vоlcea, Rumänien (1983). – Praehistorische Zeitschrift Berlin, No. 58/1, 127-140.
Rosso, Ana Maria. Beer and wine in antiquity: beneficial remedy or punishment imposed by the Gods? (2012). – Acta medico-historica adriatica, No. 10/2, 237-262.
Sams, Kenneth. Beer in the City of Midas (1977). – Archaeology, No. 30/2, 108-115.
Tannahill, Reay. Food in History (1988). London.
Trifonov, Viktor, Petrov, Denis, Savelieva, Larisa. Party like a Sumerian: reinterpreting the ‘sceptres’ from the Maikop kurgan (2022). – Antiquity, No. 96/385, 67-84.
Valamoti, Soultana. Brewing beer in wine country? First archaeobotanical indications for beer making in Early and Middle Bronze Age Greece (2018). – Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, No. 27, 611-625.
Valamoti, Soultana et al. Prehistoric cereal foods of southeastern Europe: An archaeobotanical exploration (2019). – Journal of Archaeological Science, No. 104, 97-113.