Tereni
type: channel
description: Tereni - eISSN: 2738-7674 is an online scientific periodical with double anonymous peer review. It was established in 2020 as a continuation of the Ethnologia Academica series (print edition published by the Academic Publishing House of Sofia University since 1999). The journal publishes articles in Bulgarian and English and is aimed equally at young and established researchers working in the social sciences, with a preference for ethnology, cultural anthropology, history, folkloristics, museology. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
publisher: Academic Ethnological Association at the Faculty of History of Sofia University"St. Kliment Ohridski"
language: en
publication name: Tereni
issn: 2738-7674
items: Setting the Zographou Monastery on Fire: Religion, Diplomacy, and Propaganda
items: The Crusades and Venice (11th–13th Centuries)
items: Innovations in Late Medieval Bulgarian Weapons and Equipment of a Western Characte
items: The Sermesians – a “Captive” People
items: Fahreta Jahić – The Last Lady of Yugoslavia
items: The Relations Between Bulgaria and Kuwait (1958–1982): Development of Political, Commercial, and Cultural Ties
items: The Preservation of the Seslavtsi Monastery of St. Nicholas of Myra
items: The Wedding Celebrations of the Bulgarian Royal Family During the Reign of Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371)
items: The Proto-Bulgarian Mourning Tradition of Self-Harm: Essence, Parallels, Continuity
items: The Beginning of Papal Reforms (1049–1073)
items: Specific Features of Education in the Village of Breznitsa in the 20th Century
items: Servantship as an Urban Phenomenon in Bulgaria (1920s–1940s)
items: The Varangian Contingent – “The Hammer” of the Byzantine Army
items: On Svatopluk’s Attitude Towards St. Methodius and His Disciples in Moravia (870–886)
items: The Bulgarian-Byzantine Treaty of 704/705 – Diplomatic Aspects and Political Dimensions
items: Introduction
items: Към една сензорна критика
items: "White Indians" as a cultural phenomenon
items: Virtual communities and the mobilization of civic activism through online social networks
items: The festival “Raising the kunas” in the village of Yavrovo
items: Aspects of local identity - the second half of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century
items: “Heroes” of the Transition – the image and influence of chalga performers and mutras in post- socialist Bulgaria
items: Monuments of socialism in the region of Shumen
items: Introduction of “modern” technique in newly liberated Bulgaria
items: Kiptî / قبطی / - çingene / چینكانه / gypsies in the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey
items: Social-pedagogical technology as a form of pedagogical interaction with Roma parents
items: The Plovdiv metropolis model for supporting religious education in recent times
items: History of the foundation and development of the Dubnitsa village school
items: Balneotherapy in Bulgaria until 1946

Setting the Zographou Monastery on Fire: Religion, Diplomacy, and Propaganda
type: item
description: The unionist policy of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and Patriarch John Bekkos of Constantinople led to the conclusion of the Union of Lyons on July 6, 1274. This event was met with extreme hostility by the majority of monks on Mount Athos. The resistance of the Zographou Monastery was particularly strong. For this reason, it was attacked, looted, and burned down. In the name of the Orthodox faith, 26 martyrs died – 22 monks and 4 laymen. Initially they locked themselves in the monastery tower, but it was set on flames, and in the course of the fire, in addition to the victims, 193 books, church utensils and vestments were destroyed. This tragedy occurred on October 10, 1275. This is the shortest summary of a very interesting story that has reached us in several different versions. There are heated debates in historiography concerning various issues around it: genre, authenticity, authorship, dating, and origin. Additional problem is the lack of contemporary sources that reflect this event. This is precisely what raises well-founded doubts among a number of researchers, some of whom categorically reject its authenticity. Nevertheless, its widespread circulation in the Orthodox world is puzzling, which raises a whole set of questions. The aim of this work is to summarize and systematize the individual opinions of the various authors who have worked on the issue and to offer a comprehensive view of the information in the context of religion, diplomacy, and propaganda in the Middle Ages.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Zographou Monastery
  topic: keywords
subject: Mount Athos
  topic: keywords
subject: Orthodoxy
  topic: keywords
subject: Union of Lyons
  topic: keywords
subject: propaganda
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Аges
  topic: keywords
subject: Balkan Studies
  topic: disciplines
subject: Church History
  topic: disciplines
creator: SLAV MONEV
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 379
ending page: 399
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.379-399

The Crusades and Venice (11th–13th Centuries)
type: item
description: Venice’s participation in the Crusades, with the possible exception of the Fourth Crusade, remains insufficiently understood and the subject of considerable scholarly debate. Narrative sources present this involvement in a contradictory manner, thereby posing significant challenges to researchers. This ambiguity has been further reinforced by a longdominant interpretative framework in the historiography of Venice that privileges the Republic’s commercial interests while largely overlooking its religious motivations. This article examines Venetian participation in the classical Crusades on the basis of evidence drawn from sources of diverse provenance—Venetian, Western, and Byzantine. The role of Venice in the first five Crusades is attested in the sources, with the exception of the Second Crusade, for which possible explanations are proposed. The study also addresses the so-called Venetian Crusade. In addition to an analysis of the primary sources, the article highlights several historiographical issues. The conclusion offers observations on the evolution of Venetian crusading policy and the factors that shaped its development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Venice
  topic: keywords
subject: Crusades
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: Byzantine Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: Genoa
  topic: keywords
subject: Enrico Dandolo
  topic: keywords
subject: Outremer
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Maria Toneva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 362
ending page: 378
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.362-378

Innovations in Late Medieval Bulgarian Weapons and Equipment of a Western Characte
type: item
description: The object of the study are the western trends that entered Bulgarian armaments and equipment in the period XIII-XIV centuries. We will try to trace their way to the Balkans and how they penetrated into Bulgaria. This work sets itself the goal of overcoming the ossified idea of the Bulgarian warrior, who until the end of the Second Bulgarian State wore only a chainmail and a conical helmet, and the author will present different types of finds that show the Bulgarian military work in a completely different light. For Western Europe, the period XIII-XIV c. was extremely dynamic as a result of the Crusades and the change of warfare on the continent. After it was clearly seen that the feudal system was not suitable for long offensive military campaigns, mercenary armies began to be used massively, which contributed to the improvement of the equipment of the infantry and turning it into an equal opponent of the heavy cavalry. The Balkans in this period opened up due to the Crusades and in the next few centuries were again an active battlefield where different types of weapons were used. This leads to new military markets for equipment and armaments. Mercenaries began to come from the West to serve the Latin states, Byzantium, Serbia and possibly Bulgaria. After looking at the western development of military affairs, we will also pay attention to the routes of the European "iron" to the Balkans and Bulgaria. For the creation of this work, in addition to archaeological monuments, we will also use frescoes from churches and monasteries from the 13th and 14th centuries, some stylized drawings from the medieval scriptoria in Macedonia, as well as from the Four Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander. Medieval authors used contemporary trends in clothing and weaponry to depict saints or scenes from the Bible. The last twenty years have been extremely fruitful for Bulgarian archeology in terms of armaments and equipment. Unfortunately, there are still no comprehensive monographs focused…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gear
  topic: keywords
subject: trends
  topic: keywords
subject: weapons
  topic: keywords
subject: mercenaries
  topic: keywords
subject: army
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hristo Yotsov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 334
ending page: 361
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.334-361

The Sermesians – a “Captive” People
type: item
description: The seventh century was a time of significant political, economic, cultural and demographic changes in the Balkan Peninsula. Many of them have long-lasting consequences and can be traced back to the contemporaneity. However, the topic of the demographic and ethno-cultural development of the Balkans since that time remains less studied in a number of scientific researches and publications, preferring political history instead. The main purpose of the present article is to shed light on an understudied issue – the historical and cultural processes that led to the emergence and development of the Sermesians. Also analysis was made of their interaction with the new settlers in Southeast Europe – Avars, Slavs and Bulgarians, the changing Roman identity, and the supposed cultural and ethnic heritage of this “captive” people.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Avar–Byzantine wars
  topic: keywords
subject: Balkan Peninsula
  topic: keywords
subject: Sirmium
  topic: keywords
subject: Sermesians
  topic: keywords
subject: Keramesian plain
  topic: keywords
subject: Komani-Kruja culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Vlachs
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Dobroslav Slavov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 321
ending page: 333
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.321-333

Fahreta Jahić – The Last Lady of Yugoslavia
type: item
description: Fahreta Jahić-Živojinović, better known as Lepa Brena, is a representative of the genres of newly composed folk music and turbofolk. She is considered one of the most popular artists not only in the post-Yugoslav area but all around Balkans as well. At the beginning of her career (the 1980s), she performed songs calling for “brotherhood and unity” in Yugoslavia, despite the political and economic crisis that had begun in the country. Even after the bloody collapse, these songs continued to gain the attention of the audience. More than 30 decades after the end of Yugoslavia, Lepa Brena continues to keep the memory of it alive as part of “Yugonostalgism”. This is why she can be described as the “Last Lady” of Yugoslavia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fahreta Jahić
  topic: keywords
subject: newly-composed folk music
  topic: keywords
subject: Lepa Brena
  topic: keywords
subject: Yugonostalgism
  topic: keywords
subject: Yugoslavia
  topic: keywords
subject: Social History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Krum Mitov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 297
ending page: 320
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.297-320

The Relations Between Bulgaria and Kuwait (1958–1982): Development of Political, Commercial, and Cultural Ties
type: item
description: The Bulgarian government has for decades maintained strong political, commercial and cultural ties with the countries of the Arab world, especially Kuwait, during the Cold War. This article provides an answer to the question of whether Bulgaria occupied a serious position in the Kuwaiti country and how it managed to develop their bilateral relations against the background of the aspirations of the neighboring Arab countries towards the small Gulf state. The emphasis falls on the role of Bulgaria as a strategic partner of Kuwait in achieving its broad political goals and ensuring its security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kuwait
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulgaria
  topic: keywords
subject: diplomatic relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle East
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: Political History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Georg-Alexander Chernev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 271
ending page: 296
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.271-296

The Preservation of the Seslavtsi Monastery of St. Nicholas of Myra
type: item
description: This study aims to present the state of the preservation of the Seslavtsi Monastery of St. Nicholas of Myra. The conservation of the cultural heritage is one of the main tasks of the state, as it is directly related to the building of the national identity of the society and Bulgaria’s image in the world. The text provides the main terms used in Bulgarian legislation and briefly describes the history and architecture of the object. The problems and activities related to the preservation of the monastery were noted and discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: monastery
  topic: keywords
subject: restoration
  topic: keywords
subject: murals
  topic: keywords
subject: heritage
  topic: keywords
subject: church
  topic: keywords
subject: Art History
  topic: subjects
subject: Cultural Heritage Studies
  topic: subjects
creator: Ilona Stoyanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 246
ending page: 270
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.246-270

The Wedding Celebrations of the Bulgarian Royal Family During the Reign of Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371)
type: item
description: The present study aims to examine the thesis of Tsar Ivan Asen II as ruler of Thessaloniki presented in the scientific works of Georgi Balaschev, to analyze the arguments that lead the author to reach this conclusion and to point out possible errors and weaknesses in them, which are the reasons why they are never accepted by contemporary Bulgarian medieval studies. Attention is paid to the complex situation on the Balkan Peninsula on the eve of the Battle of Klokotnitsa, the rise of Theodore Comnenus's Epirus and the consequences of the defeat of it in 1230; Balaschev's researches related to the territorial gains for Bulgaria after the victory at Klokotnitsa, compared with the works of his medievalist contemporaries and the achievements of subsequent scholars; the historical sources on the subject and what we learn from them, supporting or rejecting Balaschev's thesis. Finally, an answer is sought to the particularly important question of the value of Balaschev's conclusions for our present-day historical science, why they should not be dismissed lightly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Balaschev
  topic: keywords
subject: Ivan Asen
  topic: keywords
subject: Thessaloniki
  topic: keywords
subject: Theodore Comnenus
  topic: keywords
subject: Epirus
  topic: keywords
subject: Klokotnitsa
  topic: keywords
subject: possession
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Boiko Rangelov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 234
ending page: 245
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.234-245

The Wedding Celebrations of the Bulgarian Royal Family During the Reign of Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371)
type: item
description: The present article examines the wedding celebrations of the Bulgarian royal family during the reign of Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371), with a focus on the ceremonial aspects of the nuptial rites. In this context, it discusses marriages for which preserved sources provide information on the secular and ecclesiastical rituals. The analysis, supported by comparative material from the 13th and 14th centuries on similar events related to dynastic marriages between members of ruling families of Bulgaria, Byzantium, and, to some extent, Serbia, highlights certain key features and elements of the elaborate royal ceremonies. Byzantine influence is evident: the large number of Bulgarian–Byzantine dynastic marriages and their political significance indicate a thorough knowledge of Byzantine protocol. Yet sources suggest that the Tarnovo court adapted the protocol to local traditions and cultural practices rather than following it rigidly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bulgarian medieval court culture
  topic: keywords
subject: court ceremonial
  topic: keywords
subject: wedding celebrations
  topic: keywords
subject: dynastic marriages
  topic: keywords
subject: tsar Ivan Alexander
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Beloslava Vachkovska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 205
ending page: 233
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.205-233

The Proto-Bulgarian Mourning Tradition of Self-Harm: Essence, Parallels, Continuity
type: item
description: The article examines the Proto-Bulgarian mourning custom of self-harm as a sign of grief. It is well attested in the sources. The earliest mention of this Proto-Bulgarian rite refers to the Kutrigurs. A later Arabic source from the 10th century tells of events that occurred in the 9th century in Danube Bulgaria – a Proto-Bulgarian woman from the ruling family self-harmed because she was grieving for her husband. Ahmed ibn Fadlan describes a custom of self-harm among the Volga Bulgars. The mourning tradition was also noted in the 14th century by the successor of the Serbian Archbishop Danilo, who claims that as a sign of grief for the deceased Bulgarian Tsar Michael III Shishman, his boyars beat each other on the face. During the period of Ottoman rule, the rite was often attested among the Bulgarians by Western European travelers. After the Liberation, Bulgarian ethnographers noted the same custom in places. Traces of it have also been preserved in some Bulgarian folk songs and expressions. The article also notes parallels to this tradition among some other Slavic and Turkic peoples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: custom
  topic: keywords
subject: self-injury
  topic: keywords
subject: mourning
  topic: keywords
subject: Proto-Bulgarians
  topic: keywords
subject: Turks
  topic: keywords
subject: Social History
  topic: disciplines
subject: Medieval Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Kristiyan Viktorov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 170
ending page: 204
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.170-204

The Beginning of Papal Reforms (1049–1073)
type: item
description: The unionist policy of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and Patriarch John Bekkos of Constantinople led to the conclusion of the Union of Lyons on July 6, 1274. This event was met with extreme hostility by the majority of monks on Mount Athos. The resistance of the Zographou Monastery was particularly strong. For this reason, it was attacked, looted, and burned down. In the name of the Orthodox faith, 26 martyrs died – 22 monks and 4 laymen. Initially they locked themselves in the monastery tower, but it was set on flames, and in the course of the fire, in addition to the victims, 193 books, church utensils and vestments were destroyed. This tragedy occurred on October 10, 1275. This is the shortest summary of a very interesting story that has reached us in several different versions. There are heated debates in historiography concerning various issues around it: genre, authenticity, authorship, dating, and origin. Additional problem is the lack of contemporary sources that reflect this event. This is precisely what raises well-founded doubts among a number of researchers, some of whom categorically reject its authenticity. Nevertheless, its widespread circulation in the Orthodox world is puzzling, which raises a whole set of questions. The aim of this work is to summarize and systematize the individual opinions of the various authors who have worked on the issue and to offer a comprehensive view of the information in the context of religion, diplomacy, and propaganda in the Middle Ages.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: simony
  topic: keywords
subject: investiture
  topic: keywords
subject: pope
  topic: keywords
subject: emperor
  topic: keywords
subject: bishop
  topic: keywords
subject: church council
  topic: keywords
subject: history
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ventsislav Bonev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 150
ending page: 169
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.150-169

Specific Features of Education in the Village of Breznitsa in the 20th Century
type: item
description: *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:5943f79e-d084-4261-829c-9577150c7412-5" data-testid="conversation-turn-12" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> The article examines the development of education in the village of Breznitsa in the twentieth century, focusing on the challenges faced by students and teachers. Interviews with residents of the region reveal the socio-economic difficulties, the lack of educational resources and the restrictions imposed by traditional patriarchal attitudes, especially towards girls. Despite these barriers, the desire for knowledge remains strong, and school is established as a key factor for social mobility and integration. Particular attention is paid to the role of teachers, who not only transmit knowledge, but also serve as inspirers and educators. The article emphasizes that the educational environment in the region was multicultural, uniting Christian and Muslim students in a spirit of understanding and tolerance. Despite the lack of resources and difficult living conditions, students demonstrate a persistent desire for education, perceiving it as the only path to a better future. The study reveals how, despite financial constraints and societal attitudes, the village's first university graduates are paving the way for future generations. The analysis highlights the importance of education not only as a tool for personal advancement, but also as a means of strengthening community and preserving national identity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: village of Breznitsa
  topic: keywords
subject: 20th century
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
subject: teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: school
  topic: keywords
subject: History of Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Rural Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hava Djunin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 119
ending page: 149
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.119-149

Servantship as an Urban Phenomenon in Bulgaria (1920s–1940s)
type: item
description: This article examines some aspects of home female servants, but the main focus is on servantship as an urban phenomenon in the period between the 1920s and 1940s. The emphasis is on the changes in the age and duties of maids. The acquired experience leads to the professionalization of labor. The activities performed by maids are examined, as well as the relationships between owners and domestic helpers. The analysis is based on a review of the scientific literature, archival documents, as well as information from ethnographic interviews conducted by the author over the past two years.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: maid duties
  topic: keywords
subject: domestic helper
  topic: keywords
subject: cleaning
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Anthropology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Social History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Nezabravka Hristova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 105
ending page: 118
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.105-118

The Varangian Contingent – “The Hammer” of the Byzantine Army
type: item
description: This report examines the origin, ethnic composition, armament, equipment and combat behavior of the Varangian contingent in the Byzantine Empire, with an emphasis on its role as an elite military unit. Based on written sources such as texts written by Michael Pselus, Nikitas Choniates, tactical treatises from the 10th–11th centuries, as well as modern scientific research, the integration of the northern warriors into the Byzantine military system, the organizational structure of the corps and the factors that turned it into a reliable Praetorian guard of the emperor are traced. Particular attention is paid to their armament – with an emphasis on the Danish axe– and to their tactical characteristics as heavy infantry, including the use of a “shield wall” and their actions in night operations and the breaching of fortified positions. By analyzing key battles, such as the ones of Durrës (1081) and Beroe (1122), the report reconstructs the actual combat use of the corps, demonstrating its discipline, offensive power, and strategic role at crucial moments in Byzantine military history. The study highlights the importance of the Varangian detachment both as a striking force and as a politically reliable instrument for the protection of the emperor, and points to opportunities for future interdisciplinary research supported by digital humanities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Varangians
  topic: keywords
subject: Varangian guard
  topic: keywords
subject: Byzantine army
  topic: keywords
subject: Danish axe
  topic: keywords
subject: heavy infantry
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval tactics
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval Warfare
  topic: disciplines
subject: Military History
  topic: disciplines
subject: Byzantine Empire
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hristo Yotsov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 59
ending page: 86
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.59-86

On Svatopluk’s Attitude Towards St. Methodius and His Disciples in Moravia (870–886)
type: item
description: Svatopluk’s negative attitude towards Methodius or, at least the weak support of the ruler for him, is widely accepted in historiography. However, there are arguments in the opposite direction. Most likely, after the imprisonment of St. Methodius (870), it was Svatopluk who informed Pope John VIII about what had happened. After the return of the Pannonian archbishop in Moravia, he was part of the policy of increasing the influence of Moravia in Bohemia and in the area around the Vistula. In 879, the Latin clergy complained to the Pope about Svatopluk's support for St. Methodius. St. Methodius’s journey to Constantinople was coordinated with Svatopluk and the papacy. After the death of St. Methodius, Gorazd assumed the leading position in the Moravian Church, until Wiching returned from Rome with a forged papal letter. The refusal of the followers of St. Methodius to consent to the additions to the Nicene Creed, advocated in the papal letter, led to the following persecutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Svatopluk’s negative attitude towards Methodius or, at least the weak support of the ruler for him, is widely accepted in historiography. However, there are arguments in the opposite direction. Most likely, after the imprisonment of St. Methodius (870), it was Svatopluk who informed Pope John VIII about what had happened. After the return of the Pannonian archbishop in Moravia, he was part of the policy of increasing the influence of Moravia in Bohemia and in the area around the Vistula. In 879, the Latin clergy complained to the Pope about Svatopluk's support for St. Methodius. St. Methodius’s journey to Constantinople was coordinated with Svatopluk and the papacy. After the death of St. Methodius, Gorazd assumed the leading position in the Moravian Church, until Wiching returned from Rome with a forged papal letter. The refusal of the followers of St. Methodius to consent to the additions to the Nicene Creed, advocated in the papal letter, led to the following persecutions.
subject:
  topic: disciplines
  value: Svatopluk’s negative attitude towards Methodius or, at least the weak support of the ruler for him, is widely accepted in historiography. However, there are arguments in the opposite direction. Most likely, after the imprisonment of St. Methodius (870), it was Svatopluk who informed Pope John VIII about what had happened. After the return of the Pannonian archbishop in Moravia, he was part of the policy of increasing the influence of Moravia in Bohemia and in the area around the Vistula. In 879, the Latin clergy complained to the Pope about Svatopluk's support for St. Methodius. St. Methodius’s journey to Constantinople was coordinated with Svatopluk and the papacy. After the death of St. Methodius, Gorazd assumed the leading position in the Moravian Church, until Wiching returned from Rome with a forged papal letter. The refusal of the followers of St. Methodius to consent to the additions to the Nicene Creed, advocated in the papal letter, led to the following persecutions.
creator: Teodor Kostov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-05
publication date: 2026-04-05
starting page: 39
ending page: 58
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.39-58

The Bulgarian-Byzantine Treaty of 704/705 – Diplomatic Aspects and Political Dimensions
type: item
description: This study aims to shed more light on the diplomatic aspects and political dimensions of the treaty concluded by Khan Tervel and Emperor Justinian II in 704/705. The main focus is on issues such as the pagan oath-taking practice of the Bulgarians and the treaty clauses. In addition, the author gives in-depth attention to the topic of the origin, meaning and place of the title Caesar in the context of Byzantine political doctrine. An attempt is made to argue the untenability of the thesis put forward by some scholars that Tervel became the emperor's son-in-law. Attention is also drawn to the important question of whether he was a Christian. The study concludes with a brief summary of the implications of the treaty and its significance for the political and ideological development of the young Bulgarian state.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: : treaty, diplomacy, tribute, oath, Caesar, Tervel, Justinian
  topic: keywords
subject: History (Medieval History / Byzantine Studies)
  topic: disciplines
creator: Yuliyan Todorovski
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Юлиян Тодоровски https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
starting page: 13
ending page: 38
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.13-38

Introduction
type: item
description: Пред вас е новият, единадесети брой на списание „Терени“. В него са включени статии, явяващи се преработки и допълнения на доклади, представени на цели три научни събития през 2024 г. Първите две са превърналите се вече в традиция „Априлски четения“ (26 април 2024 г., Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“) и „Ноемврийски четения“ (22 ноември 2024 г., същото място), специално замислени като поле за изява на докторанти и студенти. В настоящия брой на списанието читателят има възможността да се наслади на голямо разнообразие от теми, посветени на проблеми от различни исторически епохи. Още като прочетени доклади те бяха действително вдъхновяващи и показаха високото научно ниво на своите автори. Третото събитие е студентската кръгла маса „История и геополитика през Средновековието“, състояла са на 11 май 2024 г., отново в Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“. Организаторите ѝ целенасочено потърсиха връзка с празника на светите равноапостолни братя Методий и Кирил. По време на този семинар бяха разгледани различни аспекти от средновековната българска, балканска и европейска история. Представените теми варират от военно-политически до икономически и социокултурни. Важно е да се отбележи, че и в трите научни форума участваха студенти и докторанти от различни факултети на Софийския университет, а също и от други университети и научни институции. Ето защо в единадесети брой на „Терени“ са намерили място статии от докторанти и студенти (магистри и бакалаври) от различни специалности, с разнообразни научни интереси – текстове, представящи актуални и интригуващи проблеми. Въпреки младостта на техните автори, публикуваните трудове още на този етап впечатляват с академичен стил, с умение да се поставят важни въпроси и да се търсят техните задълбочени и аргументирани отговори. Всичко това показва, че интересът към историята не стихва – и че на смяна идват нови, достойни изследователи. Публикуваните в настоящия брой статии са преминали двустранно анонимно рецензиране …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Vladimir Stanev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-22
publication date: 2026-03-22
starting page: 11
ending page: 12
doi: 10.60053/TER.2026.11.11-12

Към една сензорна критика
type: item
description: The text presents a reflexive approach to sensory studies as it thinks and develops the concepts of sensory corpus (via Schulze, 2018 and Nancy, 2003) and sensescape (Portreous, 1990; Howes, 2022; 2023; Pink, 2015, Zlatkova 2020; 2022) as extended sensoriums (Laplantine 2015), which can sense different modalities of corporealites, matters, structures, and objects. Sensory criticism can analyze these modalities, but also highlight the multifaceted dispositives of silence embodied in the sensory corpuses: normative/repressive, aesthetic, sociocultural and physical. Thus one might highlight embodied practices and sensations and generate data from sensory corpuses as “similar” or “foreign” (even as humanoid aliens per (Schulze 2018). Sensory data and the highlighted modalities in and through the analysis can be stable, generative, particular, or bordering (Pink and Schultz), but this does not mean that they cannot be accessed and/or mapped through sensory critiques that are grounded in bodily epistemology (Schulze 2018) and embodiment in a given situational terrain, multisensory interview or already constructed and codified in other media (see Zlatkova 2022) that contain sensory data and/or specific sensory modalities. Sensory criticism deals with the analysis of objects and structures as well as with the analytics of phenomenology, with thick description (Schulze 2018: 52), autoethnography and modal anthropology (which Laplantine develops, i.e. heuristically speaking: not (only) the knowledge of something, but also the sensation of it). This makes sensory criticism a flexible transdisciplinary tool for in theoria, in situ and in vivo analyses.The article also examines and analyzes sensory and autoethnographic data, as well as other data generated by sensory corpuses and their sensescapes. References: Vodolazkin, E. 2020. Lavar. Sofia: Panorama. Prev. Antonia Pencheva Vodolazkin, E. 2024 Chagin. Sofia: Panorama. Prev. Antonia Pencheva Gradev, V. 2019 Priblizhavania. Sof…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sensory critique
  topic: keywords
subject: sensescapes
  topic: keywords
subject: sensory corpus
  topic: keywords
creator: Georgi Ivanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 187
ending page: 228
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.187-228

"White Indians" as a cultural phenomenon
type: item
description: In his long-term studies of the so-called Indianist organizations, the author analyzes the reasons for the keen European interest in the Native Americans, which led to the emergence of these groups. The particular report is focused on an impressive cultural phenomenon that appears to be such a reason – the “white Indians”. Its roots go back to the history of North America in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, when many Euro- Americans were adopted into various Indian tribes and refused to leave them not only when given the opportunity, but even under duress. The report examines the impact of their life- stories on contemporary Indianists, as well as on the new dimension of the phenomenon after the end of traditional “Indian times”. In the Canadian woods or on the literary field, new “white Indians” become a source of inspiration for members of Indianist organizations, many of whom see themselves as part of the same phenomenon. References: Knigi Karuud, Dzh. O. 1973, Ravninite na Abraam – Sofia, Narodna kultura; 2013, Iztok-Zapad. Monten, M. dyo, 1979, Opiti, t. I – Sofia, Nauka i izkustvo. Sat-Ok 1964, 1972, Zemyata na Solenite skali – Sofia, Narodna mladezh. Sat-Ok, Rasulova A. 1976, 1980, Tainstvennыe sledы – Moskva, Detskaya literatura. Sivata Sova 1975, Priklyucheniyata na Seydzho i neynite bobri – Sofia, Narodna mladezh. Sitan, A. T. 1968, Lovtsi v severnite gori – Sofia, ZEMIZDAT. Todorov, Ts. 1992, Zavladyavaneto na Amerika – vaprosat za drugia – Sofia, Universitetsko izdatelstvo Sv. Kliment Ohridski. Yurgen, A. 1960, Sinyata ptitsa. Osinoveniyat ot irokezite – Sofia, Narodna kultura. Calloway C., Gemünden G., Zantop, S. (Eds.) 2002, Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. Carter, F. 1976, The Education of Little Tree, New York, Dell Publishing Company. Cartier, J. 2002, Voyages au Canada, Québec, Lux Éditeur. Derounian-Stodola, K. Z. 1998, Introduction, Women's Indian Captivity Narratives, New York: Pe…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Native Americans
  topic: keywords
subject: Indianists
  topic: keywords
subject: Captive narratives
  topic: keywords
subject: adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: “white Indians”
  topic: keywords
subject: role-model
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian descent
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom
  topic: keywords
creator: Lyubomir G. Kyumyurdzhiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 163
ending page: 186
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.163-186

Virtual communities and the mobilization of civic activism through online social networks
type: item
description: The study aims to examine virtual communities as a hub of people sharing a common passion and cause, by paying particular attention to cyberspace as a field of expression and as a means of mobilising civic activism. A specific object of study is the virtual group “Freedom for Hemp (and other things) Social club”. The paper explores the nature and activities of the Facebook group, its rules, the civic movements and events connected to it based on a field study on the community, including its virtual and physical manifestations, and discusses their relation to the overall Bulgarian reality. References: Georgieva, Gergana 2018. Chovekat vav virtualnata obshtnost. V: Medialog/Medialog, IV, 60-75. Gradev, D. Marinov, A. 2021. Internet talpite, Sofia, Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“. Daulova, T. 2020. Osnovopolagashta ramka za harakterizirane na modeli na virtualni obshtnosti. V: Sbornik s dokladi ot doktorantski seminar №1. Razrabotki na doktoranti ot katedra „Medii i obshtestveni komunikatsii“ – UNSS. Dermendzhieva, G. 2007. Neshto kato onlayn obshtnosti, neshto kato psihologia na virtualnata komunikatsia, neshto kato nishto na sveta. V: Literaturata, II, 17-27. Zinovieva, I. Kiryakov, M.2014. Psihologia na choveka vav virtualnia svyat. V: Godishnik na Sofiyski universitet „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“. Filosofski fakultet. Psihologia, II, 5-18. Ilieva, A. 2014. Kiberprostranstvoto – prostranstvo na serioznoto i igrovoto. V: Sb. „Dobre doshli v Kiberia! Zapiski ot digitalnia teren“, Sofia, 140-146. Nikolova, H. 2021. Digitalnite tehnologii kato arena na demokratizatsia i aktivizirane na grazhdanskoto obshtestvo. V: Sb. „Novite realnosti i politicheskata nauka“, Sofia, 405-419. Prodanov, H. 2012. Digitalnata politika. Veliko Tarnovo, izd. „Faber“. Spasov, O. 2011. Mobilizirane sega: Partii, grazhdanski dvizhenia i novi medii. V: Sb. „Novi medii – novi mobilizatsii“. Sofia, 284-321. Hristova, M. 2017. Internet kato instrument za zaemane na aktivna grazhdanska p…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: virtual communities
  topic: keywords
subject: cyberactivism
  topic: keywords
subject: cannabis use
  topic: keywords
subject: “Freedom for Hemp”
  topic: keywords
creator: Kiril Viyachev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 150
ending page: 162
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.150-162

The festival “Raising the kunas” in the village of Yavrovo
type: item
description: The article presents a religious procession carried out in the village of Yavrovo, Kuklen municipality, which takes place on the eighth Thursday after Easter, or Spasovday, and is called by the locals Raising the kunas (icons). The festival has long-standing traditions, and in 2012 it was included in the cultural festivals “Kuklen – let’s re-create the traditions”, as a part of the project “Kuklen live”, financed with European programs. The text examines the recognition of the holiday as an ancient custom as well as the participation, personal and institutional by the church board, of people connected to the village, guests, community center, the mayor’s office and municipal institutions, in the re-creation of traditions. References: Arnaudov, M. 1943. Balgarski narodni praznitsi. Sofia. Arnaudov, M. 1971. Studii varhu balgarskite obredi i legendi T. I, Sofia. BAN Vakarelski, Hr. 1943. Balgarski praznichni obichai. Sofia. Vasileva, M. 1985. Kalendarni praznitsi i obichai — V: Etnografia na Bulgaria. T. III, Sofia, 89-139. Zarev,P. 1985. Ot regionalnoto kam vsenarodnoto — V: Minaloto na Yavrovo, Devin i Manastir. Plovdiv. G. Danov 5-9 Yordanova, K. 2020. Praznitsi i praznuvane v nachaloto na XXI v.(po primera na obshtina Banite) – V: Spomen za selo. Sofia UI „Kliment Ohridski” 39-69 Karadzhov, V. 2018. Litiyni shestvia i savremenni gradski praznitsi po primera na grad Asenovgrad – V: „Savremennata svyatost: istoria, obrazi, simvoli, praktiki“ . Plovdiv 2018. 265-274 Karamihova, M. 2020. Za traditsiite dnes — V: Gradivo za izsledvane na traditsiite. Veliko Tarnovo. Faber. 9-26 Kovacheva–Kostadinova, V. 2005. Nakiti i hristiyanstvo prez Vazrazhdaneto — V: Balgarska etnologia br.3-4. 7-23 Marinov, D. 1994. Narodna vyara i religiozni narodni obichai. Sofia. BAN Nikolov, Yо. 1985. Za tipologiyata na sotsialisticheskite rituali — V: Balgarska etnologia br.4. 37-46. Petrov, P. 1997. Saborat v Raduil. Za sotsialisticheskata transformatsia na edin religiozen praznik — V: Balg…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: lithany procession
  topic: keywords
subject: village of Yavrovo
  topic: keywords
subject: traditions
  topic: keywords
creator: Vasil Karadzhov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 123
ending page: 149
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.123-149

Aspects of local identity - the second half of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century
type: item
description: The article presents the initial findings from fieldwork in connection with a dissertation study on the development of local identity in Bansko and Razlog during the period from the second half of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century. It addresses the uniqueness and distinctiveness of the respective community, based on local culture, history and social practices. The study explores how local people perceive themselves and what unites them as a community. The article discusses economic and social factors, particularly the impact of tourism, globalization and the market on local identity, and how culture adapts in a rapidly changing environment. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used, including archival research, interviews with local residents and analysis of cultural and social events. The study is expected to provide up-to-date data on cultural change. The primary goal of the research is to identify the key manifestations of contemporary identity and the mechanisms driving transformation in the community and to explore opportunities for preserving authentic culture in the context of global trends. References: Baleva, R. 2005. Edin zhivot za Bansko. Sofia: UI "Sv. Kliment Ohridski". Bauman, Z. 1999. Globalizatsiyata: Posleditsite za choveka. Sofia: ISBN 9546072257. Markova, M. 2009. Lokalnata identichnost v golemia grad (Etnolozhko izsledvane). V: Balgarski folklor, 3-4, 193-199. Dostapno na: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=15519 (последно посетен на 01.11.2024 г.) Nedyalkova, A., Bauman, Z. i Filipov, D. 2005. Globalizam, regionalizam i antiglobalizam. Sofia: Albatros. Santova, M. i Mitseva, E. 1996. Bansko. Izsledvania i materiali. Sofia: PK "Dimitar Blagoev". Toncheva, V. 2013. Lokalna identichnost – upotrebi na termina. V: Balgarski folklor, 2, 153-168. Dostapno na: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=108526 (последно посетен на 19.10.2024 г.) Fukuyama, F. 2016. Politicheski red i politicheski upadak. Iztok-Zapad. ISBN …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: local identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Bansko
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: globalization
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural heritage
  topic: keywords
subject: social change
  topic: keywords
creator: Denis Йоцов
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 107
ending page: 122
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.107-122

“Heroes” of the Transition – the image and influence of chalga performers and mutras in post- socialist Bulgaria
type: item
description: At the end of 1989, the transition from communism and totalitarianism to a market economy and democracy began in Bulgaria. During the first decade of it, the images of chalga performers and mutras came to the fore. The current study traces the emergence of the two types of figures and the interrelationship between them while also paying attention to the reasons and prerequisites for the mutras and chalga performers to become a phenomenon and to affect the development of Bulgaria in an economic and cultural aspect. References: Vasileva-Grueva, P. 2013. Byahme bortsi, sega veche sme biznesmeni – Mediynite geroi na Prehoda. V: Prehodat v Bulgaria – pameti i refleksii. Sastav. M. Gruev. Sofia: Izd. Sdruzhenie Anamnezis Vasileva-Grueva, P. 2020. Chalgata kato metafora za istoriyata na prehoda. V: How To Forget Your Past Fast. Sastav. M. Atanasov. Sofia Vodenicharov, P. 2021. Za pola, dzhendara i seksizma v balgarskata kultura i ezik. V: Ezikov svyat“ (Orbis Linguarum). Gl. redak. M. Kostova-Panayotova. Blagoevgrad Debryune, N. 2020. Subkulturata na chalgata/popfolka i prehodat. V: Subkulturite kato aktivni subekti na prehoda. Sastav. Al. Karakachanov. Sofia: Akad. Izd. „Za bukvite – O pismenehy“ Dimov, V. 2009. Za chalgata s omerzenie i obich. V: Novite mladi i novite medii. Redaktor/i: Ivaylo Dichev i Orlin Spasov. Sofia: Izd. Institut Otvoreno obshtestvo. Kalinova, Ev. I. Baeva. 2010. Balgarskite prehodi 1939 – 2010. Sofia. Raychev, A. Stoychev K. 2008. Kakvo se sluchi? Razkaz za prehoda v Bulgaria i malko sled nego. Sofia. Rice, T. 2004. Music in Bulgaria: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press. Onlayn iztochnitsi: Vsichki zrelostnitsi ot plovdivsko uchilishte s dvoyki na maturata po BEL. (9 yuni 2023 g.). V: dir.bg. Izvlecheno na 21 yuni 2023 g. ot: Rezultati Ivan Kostov: Az sam absolyutno svoboden! (18 april 2019 g.). V: „Ploshtad Slaveykov“. Izvlecheno na 4 dekemvri 2024 g. ot: Ivan Kostov Sofi Marinova: Mutrite me pozlatiha! (24 mart 2016 …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: chalga
  topic: keywords
subject: popfolk
  topic: keywords
subject: mutri
  topic: keywords
subject: Transition
  topic: keywords
creator: Stefani Dudekova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 96
ending page: 106
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.96-106

Monuments of socialism in the region of Shumen
type: item
description: The article examines monuments of socialism that were preserved to prsent day in the region of Shumen. The monument “The Creators of the Bulgarian State”, also known as “1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State” the people who created it, are a specific focus of the study. The monument is an architectural complex dedicated to the 1300th anniversary of the establishment of the Bulgarian state. The monument, inaugurated in November 1981, is located in the highest part of the Danube plain, the Shumen Plateau, at 450 meters above sea level, towering over the city of Shumen. References: Asman, Y. 2001. Kulturnata pamet. Sofia Dobrev, D. 2024. Razgovor za izkustvoto. Sofia, 2024. Rikyor, P. 2004. Pamyaty, zabvenie M.,2004. Halbvaks, Moris. 1996. Kolektivnata pamet. Sofia: Kritika i humanizam, 1996. 26-32
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: monuments
  topic: keywords
subject: Shumen region
  topic: keywords
subject: socialism
  topic: keywords
creator: Lyubomir Пашов
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 88
ending page: 95
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.88-95

Introduction of “modern” technique in newly liberated Bulgaria
type: item
description: This article discusses the new trends in the introduction of modern technology such as gramophones and radios in newly liberated Bulgaria. New technology triggers social and cultural changes in the traditional society. The study covers specific radio sets and gramophones present on the Bulgarian free market. After the First World War, entertainment equipment was also locally produced, as dynamic competitiveness, combination of multiple factors and new companies such as “Admiral”, “Bralt”, “Rodno Radio”, “Tulan”, etc. appeared. References: Peycheva, L. 2008 Mezhdu Seloto i Vselenata: starata folklorna muzika ot Bulgaria v novite vremena. Sofia, Akademichno izdatelstvo „Prof. Marin Drinov“,. ISBN 978-954-322-257-5 Tsurakov, A. 2008 Entsiklopedia na pravitelstvata, narodnite sabrania i atentatite v Bulgaria, Knigoizdatelska kashta Trud, Sofia, , s. 472 ISBN 978-954-528-790-9 Klooster, J.W. Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Millard, A. America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. Cambridge University Press, 1995. Internet iztochnitsi: Museums Victoria - https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/items/1361293 – aktiven kam 10.11.2024г. Rusenskite radioaparati BRALT - https://roustchouk.bg/ (10.11.2024 г.) Tulan - https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD (10.11.2024г.) Balgarskite radioaparati „Tulan“ ot predi vek - https://voinaimir.info/2019/10/tulan-bg-radio/ (10.11.2024г.) Radioaparat Tulan - https://sandacite.bg/%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD/ (10.11.2024г.) Parvite balgarski radioaparati „Tulan“ - https://bnr.bg/burgas/post/100967695 (10.11.2024г.)
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gramophones
  topic: keywords
subject: radio
  topic: keywords
subject: technology equipment
  topic: keywords
creator: Pavlin Chaushev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 74
ending page: 87
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.74-87

Kiptî / قبطی / - çingene / چینكانه / gypsies in the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey
type: item
description: The topic of the life, lifestyle and history of the Gypsies, however laborious, due to the lack of authentic source material and the use of indirect ones, has aroused and continues to arouse research interest. The problems discussed in this study are insufficiently covered by the researchers of the Gypsy ethnicity both in Bulgaria and abroad, and, following the direction of the Historical Positivism, I believe that the study of the said ethnicity’s past should also include the origin of the name by which this ethnicity travels through time and space. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the origin, meaning, way of use and formation of the names “Kıptî” and “Chingene” by which the Gypsy ethnicity was named and registered in the Ottoman administration over the centuries, and to inquire for what reason the name Çingene / چینكانه / is preferred in modern Turkish while Kıptî / قبطی / - Gypsies was abandoned. References: Ersin, Ya. 2023. Sotsialno-demografska struktura na Karaferskite Kopti v Osmanskata imperia. Mezhdunarodno spisanie za ikonomika, politika, humanitarni i sotsialni nauki, 6 (2), 2023. Ivanova, Sv. 2012. Shtrih ot istoriyata na romite v balgarskite zemi v nachaloto na XVI v. – V: Naselenie, br. 3-4. Sofia: BAN, s. 23–52 Marushiakova, E. Popov. V. 2012. Tsigani v Iztochna Evropa Kurs lektsii. Sofia: Paradigma. Melia, Zh. 1929. Mustafa-Kemala ili Nova Turtsia. Prevod: Al. Papancheva. Sofia: Pechatnitsa „El. Petkova“,. Mircheva, K. 2003. Tsiganite v balgarskata slovestnost prez XIX vek. V: Balkanskite identichnosti v balgarskata kultura. Sastavitel: Nikolay Aretov, t. 4, 159 – 182. Farkova, M. 2012. Romite na Balkanite po vreme na Osmanskata imperia. V: Naselenie, br. 3-4. Sofia: BAN, 72 – 90. Zürcher, E. 2010. The young turk legacy and nation building. From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey. London I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, s. 232 Kamil, M.1986. Coptic Egypet. Cairo, 1986. Rechnitsi: Dobrev I. 2009. Akademichen Tursko-balgarski rechnik – 45…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gypsies (Kıptî / قبطی / - Çingene / چینكانه /)
  topic: keywords
subject: Ottoman Turkish documents
  topic: keywords
subject: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
  topic: keywords
creator: Georgi A. Georgiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 64
ending page: 73
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.64-73

Social-pedagogical technology as a form of pedagogical interaction with Roma parents
type: item
description: The article examines the role of the parent in the education of students of Roma origin and the interaction between teachers and parents as an important element for improving the educational process, regardless of the ethnic origin of the students. Early school leaving observed among students of Roma origin can be explained with economic, social, educational and discriminatory reasons. In addition to involving parents in the educational process, teachers must first be prepared for work in an intercultural environment, by mastering modern forms and technologies of education tailored to the socio-cultural situation and value orientation of modern students. References: Koleva, I. (2007) Etnopsihopedagogika na roditelya: Etnokulturna obrazovatelna praktika za vzaimodeystvie s roditelya ot romski proizhod., Sofia Koleva, I.(2012), Etnopsihologicheski modeli na obrazovatelnoto vzaimodeystvie, Sofia RAABE. Makariev, P., Y. Nunev (2008), Dostap do obrazovanie na etnicheskite maltsinstva. V sbornik: „Proekt ot politika kam praktikata”. Vklyuchvane na romskoto maltsinstvo na mestno ravnishte chrez obuchitelno, administrativno i informatsionno vazdeystvie varhu obshtnostta. Sdruzhenie „Minerva 3000“. Sofia: „Iztok-Zapad“. Nonchev, A., Mondon, P., Donkova, M., Milenkova, V., Strakova, L., Ruseva, R. (2007) „Prichini za otpadane na detsata ot uchilishte v Bulgaria”, Sofia: Iztok-Zapad Totseva, Ya.,(2000), Opit za konstruirane na didakticheska tehnologia v svetlinata na interkulturnoto obrazovanie. V: Interkulturnoto obrazovanie v Bulgaria – ideal i realnost. Sofia: AKSES/IPIS. Elektronni iztochnitsi: Agentsia na evropeyskia sayuz za osnovnite prava, 2016 g. - Vtoro prouchvane na polozhenieto na maltsinstvata i diskriminatsiyata v Evropeyskia sayuz Romi — Izbrani rezultati. Lyuksemburg: Sluzhba za publikatsii na Evropeyskia sayuz, 2018 g – dostapen na: https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2016-eu-minorities-survey-roma-selected-findings_bg.pdf (07.12.2024 г.)…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: intercultural education
  topic: keywords
subject: integration
  topic: keywords
subject: working with ethnic minority parents
  topic: keywords
subject: dropping out of the education system
  topic: keywords
creator: Teodora Grigorova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 57
ending page: 63
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.57-63

The Plovdiv metropolis model for supporting religious education in recent times
type: item
description: After 1944, under the slogans of separating the church from the state, the totalitarian regime gradually expelled the Church and everything related to it from the general education in school, eliminating the existing religious education in Bulgaria. After the changes, there were various attempts to carry out the religious literacy of Bulgarians, with the greatest success coming after overcoming the split in the BOC - BP (2003 - 2004). Since 2007, in the Plovdiv Diocese, the newly elected metropolitan has started implementing a special model for supporting religious education in sync with the official institutions and what is allowed by law. It is related to financial, qualification and spiritual support for teachers teaching the subject Religion (Orthodoxy) in the initial stage of education in Plovdiv and the entire diocese. This paper aims to justify the model and to discuss timely questions that this successful experience raises. References: Vasileva, R. 2024 Vazmozhnosti, organizatsia i red na poklonnichestvoto v Staria Plovdiv. Magistarska teza. Sofia: Bogoslovski fakultet na SU „Sv. Kl. Ohridski“. Vasilev, I. 2024 Vazmozhno li e konfesionalnoto prepodavane na predmeta Religia (Hristiyanstvo – Pravoslavie) u nas. Misal, slovo, tekst, t. 18(24), (pod pechat) Dimitrov Hr. 1930 „Psihologicheski osnovi na religioznoto obrazovanie“. Sofia: GSU – BF, t. 7. s. 358 Dimitrov Hr. 1945 Sveshtenikat kato katehet (Kam vaprosa za tsarkoven katehumenat u nas). Sofia: GSU – BF, t. 22 Ivanova, T. 2009 „Obuchenieto po religia i svetskiyat harakter na obrazovanieto“. Sofia: Upravlenie i obrazovanie. V (3) s. 114 Legkostup, M. 2014 „Religioznoto obrazovanie dnes – tipove i podhodi v savremennata pedagogicheskata praktika“. Pedagogicheski almanah, V. Tarnovo: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiy” Spasov, Ch. 2020. Edin pravopisen problem ili „kak tryabva da se pishat slovosachetaniyata: „Sveshtenoto pisanie” ili „Sveshtenoto Pisanie“, „Star zavet i Nov zavet“ ili „Sta…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: religious education
  topic: keywords
subject: Orthodoxy in school
  topic: keywords
subject: religion-Christianity-Orthodoxy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivaylo Vasilev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 46
ending page: 56
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.46-56

History of the foundation and development of the Dubnitsa village school
type: item
description: The present paper focuses on the establishment and development of the first school in the village of Dabnitsa, municipality of Garmen, and its role in the education and cultural integration of the local community. Dabnitsa offers an example of ethnic diversity, with different ethnic groups living together within the village. The study examines the historical prerequisites and public efforts leading to the establishment of the school at the beginning of the 20th century as an important element of the cultural and social development of the village. The school’s importance is considered through its role of center providing education, cultural integration and quality teaching for children from different ethnic groups as well as establishing tolerance and understanding among the local community. Comprising a review of historical documents, archives and interviews with local residents that offer valuable information on the school’s foundation and development, the study emphasizes the importance of education for the cultural integration and social development of the village of Dabnitsa. References: Avtorski kolektiv, Grad Gotse Delchev. Iz minaloto na grada i rayona, Sofia, 1988. Avtorski kolektiv, „Minaloto prez pogleda na nashentsi“- Sbornik, 2003. Belcheva, M. 1996 Tarzhestva v selo Dabnitsa. Vestnik „ Chitatelsko delo“, 21 may, s.1. Georgieva, Tsv 1994„Vrazki na savmestimost i nesavmestimost mezhdu hristiyani i myusyulmani v Bulgaria“, Sofia. Entsiklopedia „Pirinski kray“, tom I. Blagoevgrad, 1995. Popov, A 2018 Kakvo li ne vidyah i prezhivyah. Sofia Terzieva, K. 1996 Uchilishteto v selo Dabnitsa praznuva svoya 70-godishen yubiley. Vestnik „Struma“, 21 may, s.1. Arhivni edinitsi: DA – Blagoevgrad, f. 44 , 1944- 1984. DA- Blagoevgrad, fond 42 k., papka 1, 1924-1947 g. DA- Blagoevgrad, fond 42 k., papka 1, 1924-1947 g. DA- Blagoevgrad, fond 42 k., papka 2, 1924-1947 g.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: history of education
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: school
  topic: keywords
subject: teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnic groups
  topic: keywords
subject: chronicle book
  topic: keywords
creator: Hava Bekir Djunin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 28
ending page: 45
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.28-45

Balneotherapy in Bulgaria until 1946
type: item
description: The article presents an initial stage of the research on the dissertation thesis: "Balneotherapy in Bulgaria in the 20th century. Social and cultural aspects". The analysis is based primarily on archival sources from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The processes of building modern public health care are studied as part of the general process of modernization accompanying the construction of the New Bulgarian State after the Liberation, with a specific focus on balneotherapy. Kyustendil and Sapareva Banya have been selected as individual illustrative cases. References: Dayski, Al. 1977 Balneologia. Sofia: Meditsina i fizkultura. Dimitrova, Zl. 2017. Istoria na bolnichnoto delo i bolnichnata farmatsia v Bulgaria. V: Godishnik po bolnichna farmatsia, I, 2015 №1, s. 7-16. Varna Entsiklopedia na daritelstvoto. 2024. - dostapna na https://daritelite.bg/entsiklopedia/ (05.12.2024) Mihaylova, E. 2013. Bolnichno delo i zdraveopazvane v balgarskite zemi (1856-1878). Avtoreferat za prisazhdane na obrazovatelna i nauchna stepen doktor. Sofiyski universitet „Sv. Kl. Ohridski“. Sofia. Ofitsialen sayt na obshtina Kyustendil - https://kyustendil.bg/index.php?lang=bg (5.12.2024) Terziev, V.K. 2023. Zdravnata prosveta v balgarskoto obshtestvo 1856-1878 g. Sofia - http://unilib-dspace.nasledstvo.bg/ (5.12.2024) Yankulovska, S. 2020. Razvitie na zdraveopazvaneto i zdravnoto zakonodatelstvo v Bulgaria. Poreditsa ot Lektsii. Meditsinski universitet-Pleven. - dostapno na (04.11.2024 г.): http://www.mu-pleven.bg/ Izpolzvani arhivni edinitsi: TsDA, f. 2028k, inv. op. 1, 5lista, 1939-1993g. TsDA, f. 372, op. 1 , arh. ed. 1, 2, 3. 1881-1954g. TsDA, f. 177 k, op. 4, a.e. 93, l. 1–10. DA–Sofia, f. 994 k, op. 2, a.e. 113, l. 1–212; a.e. 114, l. 1–62; op. 14, a.e. 1, l. 6 Darzhaven arhiv Kyustendil – f.535, op. 1, arh. ed. 1, 23. , 1958-1964g. ; fond 535, opis 2, arh. ed. 5, 12, 13., 1965-1973. Darzhaven arhiv Kyustendil – f.590, op. 1, arh. ed. 1, 5, 6, 14, 26, 34, 38, 40, 42., 1955-1965…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: balneotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: mineral baths
  topic: keywords
subject: modernization
  topic: keywords
subject: Sapareva banya
  topic: keywords
creator: Sashka Konakchiyska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 9
ending page: 27
doi: 10.60053/TER.2025.10.9-27