Geopolitics and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans

Автори

  • Jean Crombois Американски университет в България image/svg+xml

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.60054/PEU.2021.8.158-168

Ключови думи :

EU Enlargement, Transformative Power, Geopolitics, Western Balkans

Абстракт

EU enlargement to the Western Balkans (WB) has reached a stalemate as a result of both the democratic regression witnessed in the region and the changing EU approaches. In this context, there is an urgent need for the EU to clarify between its transformative ambitions in the region and a more geopolitical approach to the region. Failing to do so may create a vacuum in which other external powers may take advantage to strengthen their influence in the WB.

Литература (библиография)

Balkan Insight. (2020, January 2). Looking Back at 2019: Year of Mass Protests Across Balkans. Retrieved from: https://balkaninsight.com/2020/01/02/looking-back-at-2019-year-of-mass-protests-across-balkans/

Bieber, F. (2018). Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans. East European Politics, 34(3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272

Brzozowski, A., & Makszimov, M. (2021, October 5). EU leaders to restate Western Balkans enlargement commitment but without timeline. Euractiv.com. Retrieved from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/eu-leaders-to-restate-enlargement-commitment-but-envisage-no-timeline/

Cianetti, L., Dawson, J., & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe - looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401

Crowcroft, C. (2021, February 1). Montenegro wants to join the EU - but will Brussels have it? Euronews. Retrieved from: https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/01/montenegro-wants-to-join-the-eu-but-will-brussels-have-it

Cvijic, S. (2019, February 4). Ditching unanimity is key to make enlargement work. Euractiv.com. Retrieved from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/opinion/ditching-unanimity-is-key-to-make-enlargement-work/

Economides, S. (2020, March 20). From Fatigue to Resistance: EU Enlargement and the Western Balkans (Dahrendorf Forum IV Working Paper No. 17). Retrieved from: https://www.dahrendorf-forum.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/From-Fatigue-to-Resistance.pdf

Edwards, M. (2019, January). The President Who Wants to Break Up His Own Country. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/01/serb-president-dodik-bosnia/579199/

Emerson, M., & Lazarevic, M. (2021, July 15). Avant-garde proposal for EU enlargement to the Western Balkans. Euractiv.com. Retrieved from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/opinion/avant-garde-proposal-for-eu-enlargement-to-the-western-balkans/

Euractiv.com. (2021, June 18). EU-Serbia: A stagnation comfortable for both sides. Retrieved from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/opinion/eu-serbia-a-stagnation-comfortable-for-both-sides/

European Commission. (2015, November 10). EU Enlargement Strategy. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/

European Commission. (2018, February 6). A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf

European Commission. (2020, February 5). Enhancing the accession process - A credible EU perspective for the Western Balkans. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/enlargement-methodology_en.pdf

Federal Foreign Office. (2021, June 26). EU Enlargement: a strategic and shared interest. Retrieved from: https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/2468650

Freedom House. (2020). Nations in Transit 2020. Retrieved from: https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-macedonia/nations-transit/2020

Grabbe, H. (2006). The EU’s Transformative Power. Europeanization Through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe. Palgrave McMillan.

Hasa, H. (2021, July 16). The EU’s credibility as a global actor is undermined by its stalled enlargement process. LSE Blog. Retrieved from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/07/16/the-eus-credibility-as-a-global-actor-is-undermined-by-its-stalled-enlargement-process/

Hosa, J., & Tcherneva, V. (2021, August 5). Pandemic trends: Serbia looks east, Ukraine looks west. ECFR Commentary. Retrieved from: https://ecfr.eu/article/pandemic-trends-serbia-looks-east-ukraine-looks-west/

Joint Declaration on the Conference on the future of Europe. (2021). Engaging with Citizens for Democracy-Building a more resilient Europe. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/en_-_joint_declaration_on_the_conference_on_the_future_of_europe.pdf

Koppa, M. E. (2020). Turkey, Gulf States and Iran in the Western Balkans: more than the Islamic factor? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(2), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1754769

Lehne, S. (2020). Geopolitics, the EU and the Western Balkans. In Z. Nechev (Ed.), Stimulating strategic autonomy: Western Balkans’ contribution for a shared European Future (pp. 11–19). Retrieved from: https://idscs.org.mk/en/2020/11/06/stimulating-strategic-autonomy-western-balkans-contribution-for-a-shared-european-future/

Lesoska, C. (2020). A Green Deal for the Western Balkans. In Z. Nechev (Ed.), Stimulating strategic autonomy: Western Balkans’ contribution for a shared European Future (pp. 20–27). Retrieved from: https://idscs.org.mk/en/2020/11/06/stimulating-strategic-autonomy-western-balkans-contribution-for-a-shared-european-future/

Lilkov, D. (2021, April). The 17+1 Mechanism: Something Doesn’t Add Up Re-Evaluating Cooperation Between China and Central and Eastern European Countries (In Brief). Wilfried Martens Center for European Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.martenscentre.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/The-171-Mechanism-Something-Doesnt-Add-Up.pdf

Markovic Khaze, N., & Wang, X. (2020). Is China’s rising influence in the Western Balkans a threat to European integration? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(2), 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1823340

Non Paper. (2019, November). Non-Paper Reforming the European Union accession process. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Enlargement-nonpaper.pdf

Panagiotou, R. (2020). The Western Balkans between Russia and the European Union: perceptions, reality, and impact on enlargement. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(2), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1798218

Petrovic, M., & Tzifakis, N. (2021). A geopolitical turn to EU enlargement, or another post-ponement? An introduction. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1891028

Rettman, A. (2021, June 24). EU enlargement still ‘hopelessly stuck’. European Voice. Retrieved from: https://euobserver.com/world/152248

Schmidt, P., & Dzihic, V. (2021, April 28). Vaccine diplomacy and enlargement fatigue: Why the EU must rethink its approach to the Western Balkans. LSE Blog. Retrieved from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/04/28/vaccine-diplomacy-and-enlargement-fatigue-why-the-eu-must-rethink-its-approach-to-the-western-balkans/

Stanicek, B. (2020, March). A new approach to EU enlargement (Briefing: European Parliamentary Research Service). Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRI

The Guardian. (2018, May 11). EU tells Montenegro attack on journalist will affect membership bid. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/11/eu-montenegro-attack-journalist-olivera-lakic-membership-bid

Vuksanovic, V. (2019, November 28). Serbia’s deal with the Eurasian Economic Union: A triumph of foreign policy over economics. LSE Blog. Retrieved from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2019/11/28/serbias-deal-with-the-eurasian-economic-union-a-triumph-of-foreign-policy-over-economics/

Wunsch, N. (2020, May 20). How Covid-19 is deepening democratic backsliding and geopolitical competition in the Western Balkans. LSE Blogs. Retrieved from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2020/05/20/how-covid-19-is-deepening-democratic-backsliding-and-geopolitical-competition-in-the-western-balkans/

Файлове за сваляне

Публикуван

2021-12-31

Брой

Раздел (Секция)

Part II: EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy