Resilience and EU transformative power

EU enlargement and the eastern partnership

Автори

  • Jean Crombois Американски университет в България image/svg+xml

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.60054/PEU.2024.11.87-102

Ключови думи :

Eastern partnership, EU Enlargement, EU transformative power, Resilience

Абстракт

The EU is still dealing with the geopolitical shockwaves from the February 2022 unprovoked Russian aggression on Ukraine. The decision to grant candidate status to three of the EU’s Eastern partners calls for a complete overhaul of the both the EU’s Eastern Partnership and the EU’s enlargement policy. In that context, the future of resilience - a key concept in the EU’s approach towards its Eastern neighbours and of EU foreign policy, appears under question. This contribution has as main arguments that while the concept of resilience proved useful in the discussion on EU foreign policy before the unprovoked Russian aggression in Ukraine, it may show its limits when defining both the EU’s transformative ambitions as a part of its enlargement policy objectives and the new EU identity as international actor. In other words, this article does not discuss the concept of resilience per se, but rather proposes a discussion of its policy implications in light of the changes that Russia’s unprovoked aggression in Ukraine

 

 

Литература (библиография)

20 deliverables for 2020 monitoring - state of play in February 2020. (2020). EU Neighbours East. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://euneighbourseast.eu/news/publications/20-deliverables-for-2020-monitoring-state-of-play-in-february-2020/

Baldaro, E., & Costantini, I. (2020). Fragility and Resilience in the European Union’s Security Strategy: Comparing Policy Paradigms. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 51(3), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2020.22

Bargués, P. (n.d.). From ‘resilience’ to Strategic Autonomy: A Shift in the Implementation of the Global Strategy? CIDOB. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/project_papers/eu

Bargués, P., Joseph, J., & Juncos, A. E. (2023). Rescuing the Liberal International Order: Crisis, Resilience and EU Security Policy. International Affairs, 99(6), 2281–2299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad222

Bechev, D. (2022, October 23). Could the EPC Hold Europe Together in the Face of Russian Threat? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/23/could-the-epc-hold-europe-together-in-the-face-of-russian-threat

Bendiek, A. (n.d.). A Paradigm Shift in the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy: From Transformation to Resilience. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/eus-common-foreign-and-security-policy

Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI). (2024). Methodology (BTI 2024). Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.v-dem.net/documents/44/v-dem_dr2024_highres.pdf

Bieber, F. (2018). Patterns of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans. East European Politics, 34(3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272

Blockmans, S., Crosson, D., & Paikin, Z. (2022, March 31). The EU’s Strategic Compass. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/the-eus-strategic-compass/

Bosse, G., & Vieira, A. (2023). Resilient States vs. Resilient Societies? The ‘Dark Side’ of Resilience Narratives in EU Relations with Authoritarian Regimes: A Case Study of Belarus. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(4), 1058–1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2211938

Cadier, D. (2018). The Geopoliticisation of the EU’s Eastern Partnership. Geopolitics, 24(1), 71–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1477754

Chandler, D. (2015). Rethinking the Conflict-Poverty Nexus: From Securitising Intervention to Resilience. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.fb

Cianciara, A. K. (2016). Stability, Security, Democracy: Explaining Shifts in the Narrative of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Journal of European Integration, 39(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2016.1256397

Cianetti, L., Dawson, J., & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking ‘Democratic Backsliding’ in Central and Eastern Europe - Looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401

Crombois, J. (2019). The Eastern Partnership: Geopolitics and Policy Inertia. European View, 18(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685819836562

Crombois, J. (2022, March 16). Another Missed Opportunity in the Western Balkans? Future Europe Journal, 1(1), 32–40. https://feu-journal.eu/issues/issue-1/another-missed-opportunity-in-the-western-balkans

Crombois, J. (2023). The Ukraine War and the Future of the Eastern Partnership. European View, 22(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/17816858231158238

Damen, M. (2022, July). EU Strategic Autonomy 2013–2023 (EPRS_BRI(2022)733589). European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022

Emerson, M., & Blockmans, S. (n.d.). Balkan and Eastern European comparisons. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/balkan-and-eastern-european-comparisons/

Emmott, R. (2021, December 9). EU to avoid membership talk at summit with Eastern States, draft says. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-avoid-membership-talk-summit-with-eastern-states-draft-says-2021-12-09/

European Commission. (2018, February 6). A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans (COM(2018) 65 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0065

European Commission. (2023, November 8). Communication on EU Enlargement Policy (COM(2023) 690 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52023DC0690

European External Affairs Service. (2016). EU Global Strategy. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from http://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/global-strategy-foreign-and-security-policy-european-union.

Herszenhorn, D. M., von der Burchard, H., & de La Baume, M. (2022, May 10). Macron Floats European ‘community’ Open to Ukraine and UK. POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-proposes-european-political-community-as-alternative-to-eu-membership/

Juncos, A. E. (2016). Resilience as the New EU Foreign Policy Paradigm: A Pragmatist Turn? European Security, 26(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2016.1247809

Kakachia, K., Legucka, A., & Lebanidze, B. (2021). Can the EU’s New Global Strategy Make a Difference? Strengthening Resilience in the Eastern Partnership Countries. Democratization, 28(7), 1338–1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1918110

Karjalainen, T. (2023). EU Enlargement in Wartime Europe: Three Dimensions and Scenarios. Contemporary Social Science, 18(5), 637–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2023.2289661

Kaunert, C., Bosse, G., & Vieira, A. (2023). Introduction: Resilient States versus Resilient Societies? Whose Security Does the EU Protect through the Eastern Partnership in Times of Geopolitical Crises? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(4), 1048–1057. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2241021

Kmezic, M., & Bieber, F. (2020). Protecting the rule of law in EU member states and Candidate Countries. Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies (SIEPS). https://www.sieps.se/globalassets/publikationer/2020/2020_12epa.pdf

Koening, N. (2021, April). The EU as an Autonomous Defense Actor: From Concept to Action. In N. Helwig (Ed.), Strategic Autonomy and Transformation of the EU. Egmont Institute. https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2021/04/April-2021-67-FIIA-Final_Report-STRATEGIC-AUTONOMY-AND-TRANSFORMATION-OF-THE-EU.pdf

Leonard, M. (2005, February 1). Europe’s Transformative Power. Centre for European Reform. https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/bulletin-article/2005/europes-transformative-power

Lippert, B. (2024, January 1). EU enlargement: Geopolitics meets integration policy. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2024C01_EU_Enlargement.pdf

Makarychev, A. (2014, February 13). The EU in Eastern Europe: Has Normative Power Become Geopolitical? PONARS Eurasia. https://www.ponarseurasia.org/the-eu-in-eastern-europe-has-normative-power-become-geopolitical/

Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353

Molthof, L., Zandee, D., & Cretti, G. (2021, November). Unpacking open strategic autonomy. Clingendael Institute. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/Unpacking_open_strategic_autonomy.pdf

Moyer, J. (2022, October 3). Macron’s ‘European Political Community’ Risks Two-Tiered European Union. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/macrons-european-political-community-risks-two-tiered-european-union

Nitiou, C. (2019). Full article: Introduction: The rise of geopolitics in the EU’s approach in its Eastern Neighbourhood. Geopolitics. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2019.1544396

Nitoiu, C., & Simionov, L. (2022). A New Business as Usual? The Impact of the ‘Resilience Turn’ on the EU’s Foreign Policy and Approach towards the Eastern Neighbourhood. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(4), 1073–1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.2023484

Shiriyev, Z. (2019). Azerbaijan’s relations with Russia: Closer by default? Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2019/03/azerbaijans-relations-russia-closer-default

Smith, K. E. (2003). The Evolution and Application of EU Membership Conditionality. In The Enlargement of the European Union (pp. 105–140). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260942.003.0005

Smith, K. E. (2017). A European Union Global Strategy for a Changing World? International Politics, 54(4), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0041-0

Szarek-Mason, P. (n.d.). Conditionality in the EU Accession Process - the European Union’s Fight Against Corruption. In The European Union’s Fight Against Corruption. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/european-unions-fight-against-corruption/conditionality-in-the-eu-accession-process/A0D6DC1D12BD69E9A61BF1F6D36647E8.

Thomas, D. C. (2022). Limits of Europe: Membership norms and the contestation of regional integration. Oxford University Press USA - OSO.

Tocci, N. (2019). Resilience and the Role of the European Union in the World. Contemporary Security Policy, 41(2), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2019.1640342

Tocci, N. (n.d.). European strategic autonomy: What it is, why we need, How to Achieve It. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/9788893681780.pdf

V-Dem. (2024). Democracy winning and losing at the ballot (V-Dem Democracy Report 2024). Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://www.v-dem.net/documents/44/v-dem_dr2024_highres.pdf

Volpicelli, G. (2024, March 9). Armenia Mulling EU Membership Application, Foreign Minister Says. POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/armenia-mulling-eu-membership-application-foreign-minister-mirzoyan-says/

Wagner, W., & Anholt, R. (2016). Resilience as the EU Global Strategy’s New Leitmotif: Pragmatic, Problematic or Promising? Contemporary Security Policy, 37(3), 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2016.1228034

Wolczuk, K., Dragneva, R., & Wallace, J. (2022, July). What is the Eurasian Economic Union? Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-eurasian-economic-union

Youngs, R. (2021). The European Union and Global Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.

Youngs, R. (2021, March 8). The EU’s strategic autonomy trap. Carnegie Europe - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2021/03/08/eu-s-strategic-autonomy-trap-pub-83955

Zweers, W., & Rossokhatska, M. (2024, February 2). Towards an EU geopolitical Policy Brief approach on transformative terms in the Western Balkans. Clingendael Institute.

Файлове за сваляне

Публикуван

2024-12-31

Брой

Раздел (Секция)

Second panel: EU ENLARGEMENT AND NEIGHBORHOOD POLICIES