Улавяне на невидимото. Към анализа на граничната динамика между Тракия и Македония с методите на дигиталната нумизматика и археология (Научни известия „Наследство БГ“, 2025)
Статията представя нов подход за дефиниране на динамични гранични ситуации и стратегии за териториален контрол, действащи през началните години на съществуване на римските провинции Македония и Тракия. В основата му са заложени концепции от дигиталната нумизматика, но включва и регулиращи традиционни археологически ракурси. От решаващо значение е разглеждането на артефактите като демаркационни и делимитационни материали, като монетите са ултимативно средство за проследяването на тези процеси. Те са многопластов извор, своеобразна медия, която предоставя данни включително за административните промени. С имплементацията на дигитални ресурси нумизматичните данни могат да бъдат обвързани по специфични параметри с подбрани археологически паметници. Сравнителният анализ ще разкрие маркери указващи разграничителните процеси отразени в находките. За тестване на подбраните методи предмет на изследването са два археологически обекта с различни характеристики: Хераклея Синтика, като граничен град и Деултум, като колония, т.е. демаркационен елемент. Библиография:Балабанов, П., Петрова, С. (2002). Довелт, Деултум, Девелт. – В: Римски и ранновизантийски градове в България. Roman and Early Byzantine Cities in Bulgaria. Studies in Memory of Prof. Teofil Ivanov 1,1 (ed. R. Ivanov). София, 237-250.Делев, П. (2014). История на племената в Югозападна Тракия през I хил. пр. Хр.. A History of the Tribes of South-western Thrace in the First Millenium B.C. София.Грозданова, Л. (2021). Дигитална нумизматика – иновативни перспективи към традиционен извор  – In: Back to the Sources. In Memory of the Editors of “Sources for the Ancient History and Geography of Thrace and Macedonia”, on the Occasion of the 70th Anniversary from the Publication of the Second Extended Version in 1949. Part 2: Archaeology and Numismatics, Jubilaeus VIII (P. Delev, D. Boteva-Boyanova, L. Grozdanova). София, 63-70.Грозданова, Л. (forthcoming). From Deutum to DigiDeultum: the Concept – In: Възобновяване На Археологическите Проучвания в Деултум От 2003 г. Научна Конференция. Archaeologia Bulgarica Supplement. София.Колев, Ф. (2020). Селищна система в долината на Средна Струма през елинистическата епоха (IV в. пр. Хр. – средата на II в. пр. Хр.) – В: Проблеми и изследвания на тракийската култура (ред. М. Тонкова, Г. Нехризов). Казанлък, 185-223.Митрев, Г. (2012). Долината на Струма през Античността. Племена и селища. Асеновград.Тачева, Я. (2018). Монетосеченето на Анхиалос (Coinage of Anchialos). София.Топалов, С. (1995). Месамбрия Понтика. Приноси към проучване на монетосечението на града V - в. пр. н. е. София.Вагалински, Л. (2022). Хераклея Синтика. История чрез археология. Archaeologia Bulgarica Supplement 4. София.Вагалински, Л., Чолаков, И., Кечева, Н. (2017). Издирване на археологически обекти в община Петрич. – В: Археологически Открития и Разкопки През 2016 (ред. Л. Вагалински). София, 690-691.Alexandrova, S. (2020). Roman Temporary Military Camp from the 2nd Century BC near the Village of Polenitsa, Sandanski Municipality, SW Bulgaria. – Archaeologia Bulgarica, No. XXIV, 2, 41–77.Belfiori, F. (2020). Roman Colonization, Sanctuaries and Cult in the Middle-Adriatic Area between the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC. – In: Boundaries in Archaeology: Economy, Sacred Places, Cultural Influences in the Ionian and Adriatic Areas, Panel 7.3, Archaeology and Economy in the Ancient World 39 (eds. E. Giorgi, G. Lepore, A. Gamberini). Heidelberg, 5–23.Betsiou, A. (2016). Reconsidering the Interpretation and Dating of Ancient Coins: the Case of Bronze Coins from Dodona in the Name of Menedemos Argeades. – Gephyra, No. 13, 127-148.Boteva, D. (2020). The Historical Context of the Bronze Statue of Septimius Severus from the Roman Colony of Deultum. – Archaeologia Bulgarica XXIV, 1, 23-32.Bursche, A. (2002). Circulation of Roman Coinage in Northern Europe in Late Antiquity. – Histoire & Mesure, No. XVII, 121–141.Bursche, A. (2008). Function of Roman coins in Barbaricum of Later Antiquity: An Anthropological Essay. – In: Roman Coins Outside the Empire. Ways and Phases, Contexts and Functions. Proceedings of the ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop, Radziwłł Palace, Nieborów (Poland), 3-6 September 2005. (eds. A. Bursche, R. Ciołek, R. Wolters). Wetteren, 395-416.Calomino, D., Bologna, F., Wilson, P., Donnelly, M., Williams, M. (2023). Imaging Hadrian in Britain between Coinage and Sculpture: A New Digital Approach to the Study of Roman Imperial Portraiture. – Britannia, No. 54, 251-274.Chatzinikolaou, K. (2010). Locating Sanctuaries in Upper Macedonia According to Archaeological Data. – Kernos. Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique, No. 23, 193-222.Chausson, F., Galliano, G., Ferranti, F. (eds.). (2019). Claude: Lyon, 10 avant J.-C.-Rome, 54 après J.-C.: un empereur au destin singulier. Lyon.Chyla, J.M. (2022). Tingitana Frontier Project – Polish-Moroccan exploration of the Roman limes in Morocco. https://archeowiesci.pl/en/tingitana-frontier-project-polish-moroccan-exploration-of-the-roman-limes-in-morocco/ (accessed 05.12.2022).CN n.d.: CN, Corpus Nummorum Data Model. https://www.corpus-nummorum.eu/resources/database (accessed 29.06.2024).Cope, S. N. (1980). The Statistical Analysis of Coin Weights by Computer and a Rationalized Method for Producing Histograms. – The Numismatic Chronicle, No.20 (140), 178-184.Costa, K. da. (2011). Drawing the Line: An Archaeological Methodology for Detecting Roman Provincial Borders. – In: Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durham, 16-19 April 2009), Impact of Empire 13 (ed. O. Hekster, T. Kaizer). Leiden, 49-60.Dadaki, S., Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch., Stampoulogou, M. (2014). Αρχαιολογικός Χάρτης του Δήμου Σιντικής. Archaeological Map of the Municipality Sintiki. – In: Δήμος Σιντικής. Χώρος και Ιστορία Του. Για Τα 100 Χρόνια Από Την Απελευθέρωση Της Σιντικής. Δήμος Σιντικής  (eds. E. Tsoykala, Ch. Koykoyli–Chrysanthakh, G. Tsaryoychas, G. Apshlidhs). Siderokastro, 163-176.de Callataÿ, F. (2018). Overstrikes in the Greek world: an Overview on the Full Landscape and an Explanation for Punctual Occurrences with Silver Coinages. – Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie 164, 26-48.del Hoyo, T. C., Antela-Bernárdez, B., Arrayás-Morales, I., Busquets-Artigas, S. (2011). The ‘Ultimate Frontier’: War, Terror and the Greek Poleis Between Mithridates and Rome. – In: Frontiers in the Roman World. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durham, 16-19 April 2009), Impact of Empire 13 (ed. O. Hekster, T. Kaizer). Leiden, 291-304.Delev, P. (2015). From Koroupedion to the Beginning of the Third Mithridatic War (281–73 BCE). – In: A Companion to Ancient Thrace (ed. J. Valeva, E. Nankov, D. Graninger). Chichester, 59-74.Deutsche Limeskommission (2007). Beiträge zum Welterbe Limes. Konrad Theiss Verlag. Stuttgart.Draganov, D. (1991). The Countermarks of Moesia Inferior and Thrace. – Klio, No. 73.2, 495-509.Draganov, D. (2005). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Bulgaria, Thrace & Moesia Inferior, Volume 1: Deultum. Ruse.Draganov, D. (2007). The Coinage of Deultum. Sofia.Duncan, G. L. (1981). Coin circulation on the Danubian limes of Dacia Ripensis, – In: Ancient Bulgaria. Papers Presented to the International Symposium on the Ancient History and Archaeology of Bulgaria, University of Nottingham 1981, 1. Nottingham, 165-176.Dyson, S. L. (2014). The Creation of the Roman Frontier, Course Book. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, NJ.Fachard, S. (2016). Modelling the territories of Attic demes: a computational approach. – In: The Archaeology of Greece and Rome. Studies in Honour of Anthony Snodgrass (ed. J. Bintliff, N. K. Rutter). Edinburgh, 192-222.Fassbinder, J. W. E. (2009). Global survey of the frontiers of the Roman Empire in Southern Germany, UNESCO World Heritage Site. – ArcheoSciences. Revue d’archéométrie, No. 33 (Suppl.), 55-58.Filipova, S., Ivanov, S. (2015). Numismatic data from the archaeological excavations at Heraclea Sintica located on the Hill of Kozhuh, Petrich Municipality, – In: Heraclea Sintica: From Hellenistic Polis to Roman Civitas (4th C. BC - 6th C. AD): Proceedings of a Conference At Petrich, Bulgaria, September 19-21, 2013, Papers of the American Research Center in Sofia (ed. L. Vagalinski, E. Nankov). Sofia, 168-227.Gambash, G. (2015). Rome and provincial resistance, Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies. New York.Găzdac, C. (2002). Monetary circulation and the abandonment of the auxiliary forts in Roman Dacia, – In: Limes 18. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies Held in Amman, Jordan (September 2000) (ed. P. Freeman, J. Bennett, Z. T. Fiema, B. Hoffmann). Oxford, 737-756.Gruber, E., Bransbourg, G., Heath, S., Meadows, A. (2014). Linking Roman Coins: Current Work at the American Numismatic Society. – In: Archaeology in the Digital Era: Papers from the 40th Annual Conference of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA), Southampton, 26-29 March 2012 (ed. G. Earl, T. Sly, D. Wheatley, I. Romanowska, C. Papadopoulos, P. Murrieta-Flores, A. Chrysanthi) Amsterdam, 249-258.Gruen, E. S. (1976). Rome and the Seleucids in the Aftermath of Pydna, – Chiron. Mitteilungen Der Kommission Für Alte Geschichte Und Epigraphik Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, No. 6, 73-95.Hofmann, K., Grunwald, S., Lang, F., Peter, U., Rösler, K., Rokohl, L., Schreiber, S., Tolle, K., Wigg-Wolf, D. (2019). Ding-Editionen. Vom archäologischen (Be-)Fund übers Corpus ins Netz, – E-Forschungsberichte des DAI, No. 2019 (Fasc.2), 1-12.Howgego, C. J. (1985). Greek Imperial Countermarks: Studies in the Provincial Coinage of the Roman Empire. London.Isaac, B. (1988). The Meaning of the Terms Limes and Limitanei. – The Journal of Roman Studies, No. 78, 125-147.Ivanova-Anaplioti, H. (2023). Interaction and Problematics of the Bronze Coinage Minted for Apollonia Pontica at the Edge of the 4th towards the 3rd c. BC. – Bulgarian Numismatic Journal 1,1, 70-84.Ivanova-Anaplioti, H. (forthcoming). Contact and demarcation patterns based on the excavation coins from Heraclea Sintica, season 2021. – In: Proceedings of the International conference “10th Joint Meeting of ECFN and Nomisma.org & the 2nd Bulgarian Numismatic Readings”, June 19th to 23rd, 2023, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgarian Numismatic Journal Suppl. 1. Sofia.Jurukova, J. (1973). Die Münzprägung von Deultum, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur der Antike, Griechisches Münzwerk. Berlin.Karavas, J., Hanscam, E. (2023). The Lower Danube Limes: Recentring a Roman Frontier Province. – In: Roman Frontier Studies, The Roman Lower Danube Frontier, Innovations in Theory and Practice (ed. J. Karavas, E. Hanscam). Oxford, 1-12.Katsari, C. (2008). The Monetization of Rome’s Frontier Provinces. – In: The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans (ed. W. V. Harris). Oxford, 242-264.Keresztes, P. (1970). The Constitutio Antoniniana and the Persecutions under Caracalla. – The American Journal of Philology, No. 91.4, 446-459.Kolb, A. (2017). The importance of internal borders in the Roman Empire: Written sources and model cases. – Rome’s Internal Frontiers. Proceedings of the 2016 RAC Session in Rome, Zurich Studies in Archaeology Vol. 11 (ed. P. Della Casa, E. Deschler-Erb). Zürich, 5-12.Lepore, G., Silani, M. (2021). Lo sviluppo di una conquista. Dalla fondazione della colonia di Sena Gallica all’organizzazione dell’ager. – Dialogues d’histoire ancienne, No. 23, 179-212.Mann, J. C. (1974). The Frontiers of the Principate. – In: Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt (ANRW). Teil 2 Principat. Band 1 Politische Geschichte (Allgemeines) (ed. H. Temporini). Rome, 508-533.Martorelli, D., Bortolotti, M., Capris, M., Lutterotti, L., Maines, L., Pepponi, G., Gialanella, S. (2019). A combined experimental approach to the study of ancient coins and its application to the Venetian “sesino.” – Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, No. 455, 108-113.Meadows, A. (2021). Local Scripts on Archaic Coins: Distribution and Function, – In: The Early Greek Alphabets: Origin, Diffusion, Uses (ed. R. Parker, P. M. Steele). Oxford, 187-222.Mitrev, G. (2003). Civitas Heracleotarum: Heracleia Sintica or the ancient city at the village of Rupite (Bulgaria). – Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, No. 145, 263-271.Mitrev, G. (2015). On the Borders and Urban Territory of Heraclea Sintica. – In: Heraclea Sintica: From Hellenistic Polis to Roman Civitas (4th C. BC – 6th C. AD): Proceedings of a Conference at Petrich, Bulgaria, September 19-21, 2013, Papers of the American Research Center in Sofia (ed. L. Vagalinski, E. Nankov). Sofia, 47-53.Moisil, D. (2002). The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294-498 A.D.). – Histoire & mesure, No. XVII, 79-120.Moschek, W. (2011). Der Römische Limes: eine Kultur- und Mentalitätsgeschichte. 3rd ed. Speyer.Munteanu, L. (2017). Some considerations of the Roman coin finds in the hinterland of the provinces of Dacia and Moesia Inferior, – In: Proceedings of the XV International Numismatic Congress. Taormina 2015 (ed. M. C. Caltabiano) Rome, 925–929.Munteanu, L. (2020). Some considerations on the coin finds in the sites of Roman Dacia, – In: Rome and Barbaricum: Contributions to the Archaeology and History of Interaction in European Protohistory. (ed. R.-G. Curcă, A. Rubel, R. P. Symonds, H.-U. Voß. Oxford, 85-114.Munteanu, L., Honcu, Ș., Aparaschivei, D. (2021). On the Chronology of Roman Coins in Barbaricum. Denarii Finds from the Site of Schineni (Bacau County). – In: Migration and Identity in Eurasia: From Ancient Times to the Middle Ages. Editura Mega (ed. V. Cojocaru, A.-I. Pázsint). Cluj-Napoca, 139-165.Munteanu, L., Vornicu, N. (2022). Contribuţii la problema imitaţiilor de denari romani imperiali din Moldova. Descoperirea monetară din necropola de la Dumitreștii Gălăţii (comuna Schitu Duca, judeţul Iași, România). – RAASI, No. 4, 257-266.Nankov, E. (2015). In Search of a Founder and the Early Years of Heraclea Sintica. – In: Heraclea Sintica: From Hellenistic Polis to Roman Civitas (4th C. BC – 6th C. AD): Proceedings of a Conference at Petrich, Bulgaria, September 19-21, 2013, Papers of the American Research Center in Sofia (ed. L. Vagalinski, E. Nankov). Sofia, 7-35.Pavlek, B., Winters, J., Morin, O. (2022). Standards and quantification of coin iconography: possibilities and challenges. – Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, No. 37, 202-217.Peter, U. (2019). Von Mommsen zum Semantic Web: Perspektiven der vernetzten numismatischen Forschung – die Münzen der westlichen Schwarzmeerküste online, – In: Advances in Ancient Black Sea Studies: Historiography, Archaeology and Religion, Pontica et Mediterranea (ed. V. Cojocaru, D. Braund, T. Castelli, L. Grumeza, A.-I. Pázsint, L. Ruscu). Cluj-Napoca, 393-418.Peter, U., Stolba, V. (2022). „Land ohne Grenzen“ – Thrakiens Münzprägung und Identität, – In: Thrace – Local Coinage and Regional Identity, Berlin Studies of the Ancient World (ed. U. Peter, V. Stolba). Berlin, 3-18.Preshlenov, H. (2015). Deultum-Debeltos: Archaeological Excavation of the Street Spaces and Structures, 2004-13, – In: The Danubian Lands between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas (7th Century BC - 10th Century AD) (ed. G. R. Tsetskhladze, A. Avram, J. Hargrave). Oxford, 395-402.Sanz, I. D., Fiore, D. (2014). Style: Its Role in the Archaeology of Art, – In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (ed. C. Smith). New York, 7104-7111.Schallmayer, E. (2011). Der Limes: Geschichte einer Grenze. 3rd ed. München.Schönert-Geiß, E. (1972). Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. Kaiserzeit, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur der Antike. Berlin.Sommer, C. S. (2021). A European Project: The Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Protection and Communication of World Heritage in an International Context. – ICOMOS – Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees, No. 79, 36-41.Stek, T. D. (2017). The impact of Roman Expansion and Colonization on Ancient Italy in the Republican Period. From Diffusionism to Networks of Opportunity, – In: The Peoples of Ancient Italy (ed. G. D. Farney, G. Bradley). Berlin, 269–294.Taş, E., Özdemir, A., Acar, S. (2022). SEM-EDS Analysis Used to Determine Value Changes in Ottoman Coins Based on Political Developments. – Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, No. 22.2, 35-50.Universität Wien (n.d.a). Danube Limes Brand. Extension of the Danube Limes UNESCO World Heritage in the Lower Danube. http://danubelimesbrand.org/ (accessed 05.12.2022).Universität Wien (n.d.b). Limes-Projekt. https://geschichtsforschung.univie.ac.at/forschung/abgeschlossene-projekte/limes-projekt/ (accessed 05.12.2022).University of Southern Denmark (2024). Bulgarian-Greek border region. Borders Shaping Perceptions of European Societies (B-SHAPES) https://www.sdu.dk/en/forskning/forskningsenheder/samf/b-shapes/about/casestudies/bulgariangreek (accessed 30.01.2024).Urbanus, J. (2022). Rare Boundary Marker. Archaeology Magazine, No. January/February 2022.Utrecht University (2023). Constructing the Limes. Employing citizen science to understand borders and border systems from the Roman period until today. https://c-limes.nl/?lang=en (accessed 05.12.2022).Vagalinski, L. (2017). Heraclea Sintica (Current Archaeological Chronology). – Acta Musei Tiberiopolitani 2, 89-95.Wells, C. M. (1996). Profuit invitis te dominante capi: social and economic considerations on the Roman frontiers. – Journal of Roman Archaeology 9, 436-446.Wells, P. S. (2005). Creating an Imperial Frontier: Archaeology of the Formation of Rome’s Danube Borderland. – Journal of Archaeological Research 13, 49-88.
Keywords: изследвания върху границите; дигитална нумизматика; Хераклея Синтика; Деултум